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. 2021 May 6;53(5):723–736. doi: 10.1038/s12276-021-00602-1

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — The multiple host factors in the antiviral signaling cascade are targeted by coronavirus proteins. Innate antiviral sensors can recognize coronavirus invasion by sensing cytosolic or endosomal viral RNA. As discussed, activation of virus sensors triggers an antiviral signaling cascade to elicit the production of type I or type III IFN as well as proinflammatory cytokines. On the other hand, coronaviruses have evolved multiple strategies to avoid host recognition by impeding the function of antiviral proteins using various viral proteins.