Table 2.

Immune evasion strategies by coronavirus proteins.

Coronavirus protein	Immune evasion strategy	Refs.
Nsp1	Cleaves host mRNA, Inhibits protein translation, Suppresses function of STAT1 and c-jun	65–71
Nsp3	Inhibits type I IFN production, Suppresses ubiquitination and ISGylation, DMV formation	72–77
Nsp4	Sequesters viral RNA via DMV formation	78
Nsp5	Processes antiviral proteins	79–81
Nsp6	Sequesters viral RNA via DMV formation	78
Nsp8	Inhibits MDA5 activation	82,83
Nsp13	Remove 5′ ppp of viral RNA	10,84,85
Nsp14	RNA cap modification	12,86
Nsp15	Remove PUN RNA of viral RNA	42
Nsp16	RNA cap modification	11,87
ORF3a	Antagonizes IFN signaling, promotes apoptosis and inflammasome	88–91
ORF3b	Antagonizes IFN signaling	92,93
p4a (orf4a)	Antagonizes IFN signaling, antagonizes PKR function	60
ORF6	Inhibits nuclear transportation of antiviral proteins	70,71,94–96
ORF7a	Inhibits host protein translation, activate proinflammatory pathways	97–100
ORF9b	Processes antiviral proteins, antagonizes IFN signaling pathway	101,102
N	Suppresses RNA sensing pathways, inhibits function of STAT1/2	103–105
M	Inhibits TRAF3-TANK-TBK1/IKKε complex formation Inhibits viral sensing function of RIG-I and MDA5	106–108