Fig. 1.

Experimental design and overall microbiome composition of the Mars500 astronauts. A) Sample timepoints with long-term confinement symptoms reported in Strollo et al. [18], Gaffney et al. [20], Roda et al. [21] and Yi et al. [23]. B) Flower diagram of all 408 ESVs coloured by phyla. The size of the distal node (i.e. lowest taxonomic level for an ESV) is proportional to the total raw abundance. C) the distribution of counts across taxonomy levels, and D) the number of ESVs annotated at each taxonomy level.