. 2021 Apr 24;7(4):e06681. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06681

Table 4.

Estimation results: Parameter of present bias (delayed gratification), mindset score and learning outcome.

	Math Score
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
Parameter of present bias ( $\hat{β})$ ^a	0.463**	4.56e-13	0.488**	-2.43e-13	0.497**	3.00e-6
Parameter of present bias ( $\hat{β})$ ^a	(0.222)	(0.000)	(0.212)	(0.000)	(0.222)	(0.000)
Mindset score			0.259*	0.250*	0.337**	0.313**
Mindset score			(0.149)	(0.148)	(0.152)	(0.152)
Dummy for school 2					-6.911***	-6.882***
Dummy for school 2					(2.395)	(2.166)
Dummy for school 3					-7.839***	-7.786***
Dummy for school 3					(2.272)	(2.381)
Dummy for school 4					-4.788*	-4.406**
Dummy for school 4					(2.474)	(2.234)
Age					2.043**	1.994**
Age					(0.846)	(0.932)
Male					0.730	0.531
Male					(1.451)	(1.510)
Number of family members					-0.188	-0.207
Number of family members					(0.303)	(0.285)
Index of electronic devices ownership					0.959	1.104
Index of electronic devices ownership					(2.531)	(2.438)
Dummy for negative attitude toward mathematics					-3.029**	-3.277**
Dummy for negative attitude toward mathematics					(1.469)	(1.524)
Student's satisfaction on teacher's pedagogy					-2.313**	-2.298**
Student's satisfaction on teacher's pedagogy					(1.102)	(1.085)
Student's perspective on class condition					1.016	1.179
Student's perspective on class condition					(1.011)	(1.062)
Constant	38.300***	38.960***	27.480***	28.530***	6.978	8.845
Constant	(0.818)	(0.715)	(6.432)	(6.184)	(14.196)	(15.872)
N	295	294	295	294	263	262
R²	0.007	0.000	0.018	0.010	0.124	0.118

Standard errors in parentheses.

* = significant at 10% significance level.

** = at 5% significance level.

*** = at 1% significance level.

Source: Authors' estimation.

Column (1), (3), and (5): $\hat{β}$ is estimated using OLS; Column (2), (4), and (6): $\hat{β}$ is estimated using Interval Censored Regression (ICR).