Table 1.
Mg-based fracture fixation systems for the oral and maxillofacial regions.
| Implant site | Materials | Fixation types | Experimental method | Evaluation method | Results | First author, year, ref | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mandible fracture | Posterior mandibular body | Mg | Screw | Finite element modeling (FEM) | Stress Distribution | Mg screws can maintain the mechanical stability of the mandible in advancement and setback sagittal split ramus osteotomy. | Lee J.Y., 2014 [91] |
| Posterior mandibular body | Mg–Ca–Zn alloy | Screw | FEM | Stress Distribution; Deformation caused by masticatory loading | Mg–Ca–Zn alloy screws can maintain the stability of the mandible position after sagittal split ramus osteotomy successfully. | Lee J.H., 2017 [92] | |
| The lower edge of the mandible just posterior to the molars | Mg; AZ31 | Screw | FEM; Animal experiment (rabbits) | In-vitro pull-out test; Micro-CT; Histological analysis |
Mg and AZ31 screws promote craniofacial bone remodeling and exhibit a similar holding strength to stainless steel screws. | Henderson S.E., 2014 [18] | |
| The lower edge of mandibular angle | WE43 | Screw; Plate |
Animal experiment (miniature pigs) | Micro-CT; Histological analysis | Three kinds (fluoridated, hydrogenated, and non-modified) of WE43 plates and screws can fix mandibular angle osteotomy. | Naujokat H., 2020 [84] | |
| Mandibular Angle | WE43 | Rivet | Animal experiment (miniature pigs) | Micro-CT; Histological analysis | The design of rivet-screw for the manufacture of Mg fixation is feasible. | Schaller B., 2016 [85] | |
| Condylar head | MgYREZr alloy | Cannulated headless screw | Clinical experiment | Cone-beam CT | MAGNEZIX® CS Screws can fix condylar head fracture successfully. | Leonhardt H.,2017 [88] | |
| Midface fracture | Supraorbital rim and Zygomatic arch | WE43 | Nonlocking screw; Plate |
Animal experiment (miniature pigs) | Standardized CT; Micro-CT; Histological analysis; Histomorphometry |
WE43 fixation systems show excellent fixation effect in mid-face fractures. | Schaller B., 2018 [96] |
| Zygomatic arch | WE43 | Screw; Plate |
Animal experiment (beagles) | Radiographs; Micro-CT; Mechanical Testing; Histological analysis; |
WE43 fixation systems show good biocompatibility, initial stability, and Osteogenic ability in fixation of zygomatic arch fractures. | Kim B.J., 2018 [97] | |
| Maxilla (LeFort I osteotomy) | WE43 | Screw; Plate |
Animal experiment (beagles) | Micro-CT; Histological analysis; |
WE43 fixation is clinically feasible for LeFort I osteotomy, but further treatment is needed to reduce the degradation rate. | Byun S.H., 2020 [98] | |
| Maxilla (LeFort I osteotomy) | ZK60 | Screw; Plate |
Animal experiment (beagles) | Micro-CT | LLA-coated ZK60 fixation has sufficient mechanical strength but an unsuitable rapid biodegradation rate. | Byun S.H., 2020 [99] | |
| Frontal fracture | Frontal bone | WE43 | Screw; Plate |
Animal experiment (miniature pigs) | Standardized CT; Micro-CT; Histological analysis; |
WE43 plates and screws do not interfere with bone healing and are suitable for the fixation of minipig frontal bone. | Naujokat H., 2017 [102] |
| Frontal bone | WE43 | Screw; Plate |
Animal experiment (miniature pigs) | Standardized CT; Micro-CT; Histological analysis; |
Mg plates and screws show good biocompatibility and stability in the frontal bone of minipigs. | Schaller B., 2016 [103] |