Table 2.
Comparison of the clinical and behavioral characteristics of the control group (CG) and the intervention group (IG)
| T0 | T+3 | T+6 | Δ(T+6 vs T0) | p | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control group n = 159 |
Intervention group n = 159 |
Control group n = 159 |
Intervention group n = 159 |
Control group n = 159 |
Intervention group n = 159 |
Control group Δ (%) |
Intervention group Δ (%) |
T+6 vs T0 | |
| Needle reuse (% of participants) | 97.5 | 98.1 | 53.3** | 12.2***b | 63.2* | 4.4***b | − 34.3 | − 93.7 | 0.0001 |
| No injection site rotation (% of participants) | 90.2 | 94.9 | 53.2** | 16.1*** | 85.5 | 4.4***c | − 4.7 | − 90.5 | 0.01 |
| Cold insulin injection (% of participants) | 72.2 | 71.3 | 28.7** | 4.5*** | 42.1** | 0***c | − 30.1 | − 71.3 | 0.0001 |
| Waiting at the end of the injection (% of participants) | 10.6 | 10.0 | 23.7* | 97.7** | 11.4 | 97.5***c | + 0.8 | + 87.5 | 0.0001 |
| Drop leakage after injection (% of participants) | 97.5 | 99.7 | 44.0 | 4.4 | 58.2 | 1.4***c | + 39.3 | + 98.3 | 0.001 |
| Painful injection (% of participants) | 3.6 | 3.3 | 34.8** | 52.3** | 8.3 | 52.***c | + 4.7 | + 48.8 | 0.01 |
| Injection into LH nodule (% of participants) | 100 | 100 | 47.9** | 4.4*** | 59.9** | 1.9***c | − 40.1 | + 98.1 | 0.001 |
| Daily insulin dose in IU (M ± SD) | 56 ± 12 | 58 ± 13 | 54 ± 10 | 50 ± 10*a | 54 ± 14 | 46 ± 9**b | − 3.6 | − 20.7 | 0.001 |
| Relative insulin requirement in IU/kg b.w. (M ± SD) | 0.70 ± 0.09 | 0.72 + 0.08 | 0.67 ± 0.10 | 0.62 ± 0.08 | 0.67 ± 0.09 | 0.57 ± 0.07 | (− 4.0) | (− 20.8) | 0.001 |
RR relative risk
*p < 0.05 vs baseline; **p < 0.01 vs baseline; ***p < 0.001 vs baseline; ap < 0.05 vs CG; bp < 0.01 vs CG; cp < 0.001 vs CG