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. 2021 Feb 27;37(5):684–700. doi: 10.1007/s12264-020-00625-0

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© Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, CAS 2021

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Fig. 6 — Effects of APETx2 microinjection into the LC on 4% CO₂-induced changes in sleep–wake architecture. A Wakefulness amount decreased in the CO₂ + vehicle (P < 0.001), CO₂ + APETx2 (P < 0.001), and APETx2-only (P < 0.001) groups compared to the vehicle-only group. NREM sleep increases in the CO₂ + vehicle (P < 0.001), CO₂ + APETx2 (P < 0.001), and APETx2-only (P < 0.001) groups compared with the vehicle-only group. However, REM sleep does not change in the CO₂ + vehicle and CO₂ + APETx2 groups compared with the vehicle-only group. It significantly decreases in the APETx2-only group compared with the vehicle-only (P < 0.001), CO₂ + vehicle (P < 0.001), and CO₂ + APETx2 (P < 0.001) groups. B The average length of wakefulness episodes decreases in the CO₂ + vehicle (P < 0.05), CO₂ + APETx2 (P < 0.05), and APETx2-only (P < 0.05) groups compared to the vehicle-only group. The average length of NREM sleep episodes increases in the CO₂ + APETx2 (P < 0.001) and APETx2-only (P < 0.001) groups compared with the vehicle-only group. It, however, does not change in the CO₂ + vehicle group compared with the vehicle only group. The average length of REM sleep episodes does not change in the CO₂ + APETx2 group compared with the vehicle-only group. However, it decreases in the CO₂ + vehicle (P < 0.001) and in the APETx2-only group (P < 0.001) compared with the vehicle-only group. The average length of REM sleep episodes is also higher in the CO₂ + APETx2 group than in the CO₂ + vehicle (P < 0.001) and APETx2-only groups (P < 0.001). C The average number of awake episodes does not change; however, the number of NREM sleep episodes increases in the CO₂ + vehicle (P < 0.05) compared to the vehicle-only group. It does not change in the CO₂ + APETx2 and APETx2-only groups compared to the vehicle-only group. The average number of NREM sleep episodes is also higher in the CO₂ + vehicle group compared with the CO₂ + APETx2 (P < 0.01) and APETx2-only groups (P < 0.05). The number of REM sleep episodes increases in the CO₂ + vehicle (P < 0.001) and decreases in the APETx2-only (P < 0.05) groups compared with the vehicle-only group. In the CO₂ + APETx2 group, the number of REM sleep episodes is comparable to the vehicle-only group. However, it is less than in the CO₂ + vehicle (P < 0.001) and more than in the APETx2-only (P < 0.01) group (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, Bonferroni post hoc test.