Table 2.

Mapping AI4people framework principles against COVID-19 digital proximity tracking application in UK and Qatar

Responsible AI Principles		NHS COVID-19 Application(UK)	EHTERAZ Application(Qatar)
Beneficence	Well-Being	- A detailed justification of the benefits of using the app. - A thorough description of how the app can alert exposed users quickly. - The app allows users to report symptoms, order a coronavirus test, check in to venues by scanning a QR code, and help the NHS trace individuals with coronavirus.	- Justification of the benefits of using the app is provided. - Brief description of how the app can alert exposed users quickly. - The app helps the Ministry of Public Health trace individuals suspected or exposed, expected to be in quarantine, and tested positive for coronavirus.
	Preserving Dignity	- A detailed description of how individuals can make their decisions for using the different features within the app. This is to help in providing users with maximum freedom and minimum risk.	- A statement on how the app can help improve public health services to prevent the spread of COVID-19.
	Sustaining the Planet	- Detailed explanation on how the app can help everyone in the UK. In particular, it draws on the app ability to help the NHS understand if the virus is spreading in a particular area and so local authorities can respond quickly to stop it from spreading further to save lives. - The app can benefit those who do not have compatible smartphones and do not possess a smartphone. This can be achieved by the data captured from those who have already downloaded and used the app. This will help in understanding more about how the virus spreads. This establishes the mechanisms that will be put in place to support the country.	- An explanation of how the app can help everyone in Qatar is provided. Specifically, providing timely information on the ongoing spread levels, raising awareness and issuing recommendations to the public to protect health and safety. - To benefit from the app’s use, users will need to have compatible smartphones to download and use it. This will help understand more about how the virus spreads and establish the mechanisms that will be put in place to support the country.
Non-Maleficence	Privacy	- Strong emphasis on the importance of maintaining users’ personal privacy from the NHS and the government. - Details on how the app protects privacy and identity for all users individually and from each other are provided. - Stating third part organisations, namely, Apple and Google, have conducted a privacy review. - Users are informed that the app complies with the UK Data Protection Law and the Common Law Duty of Confidentiality. Links to these laws are provided.	- Users are informed that the app complies with the e-Government Policies of the State of Qatar (per Council of Ministers’ Resolution No. (18) of 2010 on the Implementation of e-Government Policies) and Qatar’s Data Protection Law (Law No. 13 of 2016) concerning the privacy and protection of personal data. - A privacy policy is provided. Commitment towards maintaining personal privacy when the app is used is stated. Few exceptions to this in which details have been provided.
	Security	- Strong emphasis on the importance of maintaining users’ personal security from the NHS and the government. - Details how the app guarantees security for all users individually and from each other. - Points out how specialists from the National Cyber Security Centre have been involved in the app’s design and development to ensure it is safe and secure to use. - Dedicated page for providing detailed information on the security of personal information and the data collected. - Points out explicitly the use of random IDs that the NHS or the government cannot use to identify users.	- Users are informed that their personal data, its electronic storage and transmission will be safeguarded and secured with appropriate security technologies. - Personal data will be shared with MOPH and other Government agencies in Qatar to serve the broader public’s health and safety, most efficiently and effectively, unless such sharing is prohibited by law.
	Capability Caution	- A dedicated webpage for providing detailed information on users’ security and privacy, including pointing out what the app cannot do. - The app does not access or track users’ locations. It only records distance from other phones that have the app installed. Besides, data is held within the phone.	- MOPH and the relevant Government agencies in the State of Qatar access to users location at all times during the active spread period of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Autonomy	Power to Decide	- The app does not make any decisions about any of its features. - The app is not mandatory, and users can permanently delete the app if they want. - Users can decide for themselves on whether or not to pause contact tracing within the app - Users are empowered to make the decisions to share information, especially if they had a positive COVID-19 test result to alert others.	- The application will change the health status colour from “green” to “grey” when an individual stays in close proximity to someone who tested positive for the virus. - The app is mandatory for all citizens, residents and visitors. The app will need to be running at all times when outside of their home.
Justice	Prosperity	- The use of random IDs will eliminate discrimination for all users as the NHS, and the government will not identify users. - The app is the fastest way to verify if individuals can be at risk from coronavirus. This should expedite the process of alerting and protecting others throughout the community	- Citizens and residents (above the age of 18) will need to use their Qatari identification document (QID) to register, and visitors will need to use their visit visa number. - The app notifies users when they are in proximity to a positive COVID-19 individual to protect society from its spread.
	Preserving solidarity	- The use of random IDs will eliminate any bias for datasets captured from the app used for further AI-based analysis. - The app can expedite alerting and protecting the community to minimise the coronavirus’s socio-economic impact.	- The app tracks the transmission chains of the spread of the coronavirus, providing users with accurate information and assisting the medical teams involved in providing health care when necessary
Explicability	Intelligibility	- Dedicated web pages focused on providing information on how the app work. This includes providing technical (underlying technologies) and non-technical information. - Details on the main app functions, which includes; tracing (infected individuals), alerting (coronavirus area risk), checking–in service (using QR codes for businesses), checking symptoms, supporting testing appointments and alert users when results are available, and counting down timer for self-isolation. - The app help guide is available in different explanation and support levels, including a simple/accessible read version targeting parents, guardians, and young people. Besides, it is available in twelve different languages.	- MOPH has the capabilities to trace all health status changes for all users for its app. - Details on the main app functionality. Also, the app offers to track the transmission chains of the spread of the coronavirus, providing users with accurate information and assisting the medical teams involved in providing health care when necessary. Furthermore, the app provides updated statistics related to the virus as well as hotline and notification pages. - When registering in apps, each user’s profile is linked to a QR code by linking it to his/her medical file automatically from the competent authorities. The app is available in Arabic and English languages.
	Accountability	- Technical auditing capabilities are available for all features in the app. - The app is administered and owned by the Department of Health and Social Care. - All entities involved in the development of the app are named. The government leads technical authority on cybersecurity, and the National Cyber Security Centre has provided support in an advisory role.	- MOPH can trace and perform necessary audits for all health status changes for all users of its app. - The app is owned and operated by the Ministry of Public Health of Qatar (“MOPH”) and the relevant government entities.