Table 1.
Baseline and heart failure characteristics of all participants.
| Overall | Stage 0 | Stage A | Stage B | Stage C/D | P-values | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 1,068 | n = 50 (4.7%) | n = 224 (21.0%) | n = 627 (58.7%) | n = 167 (15.6%) | ||
| Age, years | 75.3 ± 6.88 | 72.3 ± 6.99 | 74.3 ± 6.64 | 75.3 ± 6.62 * | 77.6 ± 7.50 *†‡ | <0.001 |
| Women | 503 (47.1) | 21 (42.0) | 73 (32.6) | 340 (54.2)† | 69 (41.3)‡ | <0.001 |
| Education, years | 10.9 ± 4.46 | 11.9 ± 4.02 | 11.7 ± 4.01 | 10.8 ± 4.42 | 9.85 ± 5.05 *‡ | <0.001 |
| Current smoker | 98 (9.2) | 6 (12) | 27 (12.1) | 53 (8.5) | 12 (7.2) | 0.273 |
| Risk factors for HF | ||||||
| Hypertension | 777 (72.8) | 0 (0) | 156 (69.6)* | 492 (78.5)*† | 129 (77.2)* | <0.001 |
| Hypertension control | 229 (29.5) | – | 44 (28.2) | 92 (18.7)† | 93 (72.1)†‡ | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 369 (34.6) | 0 (0) | 84 (37.5)* | 211 (33.7)* | 74 (44.3)* | <0.001 |
| HbA1c control | 100 (27.1) | – | 25 (29.8) | 56 (26.5) | 19 (25.7) | 0.835 |
| Obesity | 203 (19.0) | 0 (0) | 36 (16.1)* | 140 (22.3)* | 27 (16.2)* | <0.001 |
| Coronary heart disease | 609 (57.0) | 0 (0) | 125 (55.8)* | 367 (58.5)* | 117 (70.1)*†‡ | <0.001 |
| Reasons for stage B HF | ||||||
| Valvular heart disease | 76 (7.1) | – | – | 38 (6.1)† | 38 (22.8)*†‡ | <0.001 |
| Myocardial infarction (wall-motion abnormalities) | 162 (15.2) | – | – | 97 (15.5)*† | 65 (38.9)*†‡ | <0.001 |
| LV hypertrophy | 432 (40.4) | – | – | 329 (52.5)*† | 103 (61.7)*†‡ | <0.001 |
| LV enlargement | 425 (39.7) | – | – | 340 (54.2)*† | 85 (50.9)*† | <0.001 |
| Systolic dysfunction | 103 (9.6) | – | – | 30 (4.8)† | 73 (43.7)*†‡ | <0.001 |
| Diastolic dysfunction | 422 (39.5) | – | – | 316 (50.4)*† | 106 (63.5)*†‡ | <0.001 |
| Other concerns | ||||||
| LVEF ≥50 | 983 (92.0) | 50 (100) | 224 (100) | 614 (97.9) | 95 (56.8) *†‡ | <0.001 |
| EGFR <60 ml/(min × 1.732) | 199 (18.6) | 4 (8.0) | 17 (7.6) | 100 (15.9)† | 78 (46.7)*†‡ | <0.001 |
| NT-proBNP, pg/ml | 173 [80.4, 582] | 86.8 [59.8, 169] | 94.6 [55.1, 176] | 164 [80, 388]† | 1,474 [520, 2,326]*†‡ | <0.001 |
| Internal medicine operations | 445 (41.7) | 7 (14.0) | 94 (42.0)* | 283 (45.1)* | 61 (36.5)* | <0.001 |
| Surgery operations | 172 (16.1) | 19 (38.0) | 42 (18.8)* | 100 (15.9)* | 11 (6.6)*†‡ | <0.001 |
Values are shown as mean ± standard deviation or median [interquartile range: 25th to 75th percentiles] or n (%).
HF, heart failure; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; LV, left ventricular; LVEF, left ventricular eject fraction; EGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide.
*
P <0.05 compared with Stage 0;
†
P <0.05 compared with Stage A;
‡
P <0.05 compared with Stage B.