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. 2021 May 5;11:9637. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-89001-0

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Horizontal and vertical cancer development in view of the new universal model of cancer transformation and cancer development. Cancer transformation activates, among others, cloning which causes that many clones can leave (because of occurrence of genome chaos) current genome attractor (GA) and attain new/different genome attractors by auto-transformation to genome attractor. The clones are kept alive after attaining new genome attractors by establishing appropriate new cell-fates. After attaining a new genome attractor, random mutations caused by elevated ROS level can lead to: (a) genome chaos occurrence and a change of genome attractor (macro-cellular evolution) or (b) destabilization of current cell-fate and a change of cell-fate attractor (micro-cellular evolution). Note: micro-cellular evolution can also occur without mutations, only as a result of cell-fate adaptation to changes in environment (vertical cancer development). It should be also noted that the figure shows only example sets of cell-fate attractors (as well as the presentation of the cloning process and leaving genome attractors by many clones are also limited to only a few cases) to ensure the clarity of this figure. In accordance with schemas of cancer development (Figs. 10, 11), vertical development occurs, among others, after each change of genome attractor.