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. 2021 May 5;11:9537. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-88787-3

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Temperature values recorded at three different locations. T_airway and T_{tube_centre} were relatively higher for the expiratory phase than for the inspiratory phase. Symbols: box, first and third quartiles; bold line, median; perpendicular line, range. T_airway airway temperature; T_{tube_centre} temperature at the centre of the endotracheal tube; and T_{tube_wall} temperature at the wall surface of the endotracheal tube.