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. 2021 May 5;11:9537. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-88787-3

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Diagrams depicting the configuration of the ventilator circuit and thermometers. An ultra-fast-response thermocouple was attached to the distal end of the closed suction system. Respiratory gas temperatures were measured using an airway thermometer (T_airway) and other ultra-fast-response thermocouples attached to the Y-piece (T_Y-piece) and the extension part of the endotracheal tube (see Fig. 3 for details).