Fig. 7. Comparison of the predicted inter-residue distances (bottom left) with the ground-truth distances (upper right) for protein T1022s1-D1.

a ProFOLD w/o E+R performed poorly and failed to generate high-quality distance estimations. b When equipped with the MSA encoder module, the variant ProFOLD w/o R could generate relatively accurate distance estimations. c When both MSA encoder and 2D ResNet are used, ProFOLD gave distance estimations extremely close to the real distance values.