Table 7.

Operational definitions of the sub-factors of the Korean version of Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (Baek et al., 2010).

Sub-factors	Operational definitions
Hardiness	One is emotionally and mentally stable under stressful and unfortunate circumstances with a strong will or conviction to withstand the adversity
Persistence	One is able to tolerate negative affect, engage in “circumspect thinking” and make decisions despite the stressful situation
Optimism	One remains hopeful regarding the future and anticipates positive outcome of a specific issue
Support	One is able to receive help from other people and maintains close and meaningful relationships