Table 2.

A conclusion of microbial therapy in Parkinson’s disease.

Therapeutic methods	Research type	Improvement of constipation	Improvement of symptoms of PD	Reduced inflammation	Improvement of αSyn pathology
Probiotics	Clinical studies	Cassani et al., 2011; Barichella et al., 2016; Tan et al., 2021	Tamtaji et al., 2019	Tamtaji et al., 2019
	Preclinical studies			Magistrelli et al., 2019	Goya et al., 2020
Prebiotics	Clinical studies	Barichella et al., 2016
	Preclinical studies		Perez-Pardo et al., 2017	Perez-Pardo et al., 2017	Perez-Pardo et al., 2017
FMT	Clinical studies	Huang et al., 2019	Huang et al., 2019
	Preclinical studies			Sun et al., 2018

FMT, Fecal microbiota transplantation.