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. 2021 Apr 22;12:656588. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.656588

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Copyright © 2021 Huang, Li, Liu, Liu, Guo, Wu, Yang, Han and Xuan.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Odontogenic mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) located in a suitable root canal environment were able to differentiate into endothelial cells, nerve cells, and odontoblasts, and secrete a group of cytokines to mediate angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and dentinogenesis. Hence, well-organized dental pulp with bundles of blood vessels and nerves and a layer of odontoblasts lining along the chamber, which can generate mineralized dentin, is regenerated in injured teeth. In addition, the flared root canal of the injured immature permanent tooth shows lengthened root, thickened root canal wall, and narrowed apical foramen.