Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the study population stratified by UA levels.
| Variables | UA ≤ 318 μmol/L
(n = 106) |
319 μmol/L ≤ UA ≤ 397 μmol/L
(n = 105) |
UA ≥ 398 μmol/L
(n = 106) |
Total
(n = 317) |
P-value |
| Data are presented as means ± SD or n (%). *Presented as median (interquartile range). Categorical variables were analyzed by Pearson’s chi-squared test and Fisher’s exact probability test. Normal variables were analyzed by Student’s t-test, non-normal variables were analyzed by Mann-Whitney U test. ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB: angiotensin receptor blockers; IVS: interventricular septum; NT-ProBNP: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; NYHA: New York Heart Association; UA: uric acid. | |||||
| Demographics | |||||
| Male | 44 (41.5%) | 71 (67.6%) | 72 (67.9%) | 187 (59.0%) | < 0.001 |
| Age, yrs | 55.64 ± 15.16 | 54.85 ± 11.68 | 54.94 ± 14.39 | 55.14 ± 13.79 | 0.903 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 25.52 ± 11.90 | 26.60 ± 4.72 | 25.66 ± 4.09 | 25.92 ± 7.83 | 0.604 |
| Hypertension | 42 (39.6%) | 52 (49.5%) | 52 (49.1%) | 146 (46.1%) | 0.265 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 5 (4.7%) | 9 (8.6%) | 11 (10.5%) | 25 (7.9%) | 0.287 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 36 (34.0%) | 44 (41.9%) | 47 (44.8%) | 47 (40.2%) | 0.253 |
| Coronary heart disease | 26 (24.5%) | 33 (31.4%) | 27 (25.5%) | 86 (27.1%) | 0.474 |
| Smoking | 42 (39.6%) | 51 (48.6%) | 53 (50.0%) | 146 (46.1%) | 0.260 |
| Alcohol consumption | 25 (23.6%) | 35 (33.3%) | 36 (33.9%) | 96 (30.3%) | 0.183 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 15 (14.2%) | 18 (17.1%) | 22 (20.8%) | 55 (17.4%) | 0.446 |
| NYHA III or IV | 11 (10.3%) | 10 (9.5%) | 18 (16.9%) | 39 (12.3%) | 0.195 |
| Devices | |||||
| Implantable cardiac defibrillator/Pace maker | 5 (4.7%) | 8 (7.6%) | 13 (12.3%) | 26 (8.2%) | 0.130 |
| Medication | |||||
| Calcium channel blockers | 24 (22.6%) | 28 (26.7%) | 32 (30.2%) | 84 (26.5%) | 0.460 |
| β-blocker | 59 (55.7%) | 73 (69.5%) | 64 (60.4%) | 196 (61.8%) | 0.109 |
| ACEI/ARB | 11 (10.4%) | 13 (12.4%) | 22 (20.8%) | 46 (14.5%) | 0.075 |
| Statin | 19 (17.9%) | 23 (21.9%) | 29 (27.4%) | 71 (22.4%) | 0.255 |
| Diuretics | 9 (8.4%) | 7 (6.6%) | 11 (10.3%) | 27 (8.5%) | 0.236 |
| Laboratory test | |||||
| Hemoglobin, g/L | 125.98 ± 17.65 | 137.59 ± 16.24 | 136.17 ± 20.67 | 133.25 ± 18.95 | < 0.001 |
| NT-ProBNP, pg/mL | 1216.09 (668.50−2469.30)* | 1098.80 (612.50−1679.80)* | 1369.55 (633.35−2744.57)* | 1181.80 (635.45−2261.95)* | 0.890 |
| Creatinine, μmol/L | 65.30 (56.28−77.66)* | 73.05 (64.54−81.70)* | 82.36 (69.62−94.90)* | 73.05 (62.48−84.19)* | < 0.001 |
| High-sensitivity C-reactive protein, mg/L | 1.70 (0.60−8.27)* | 1.38 (0.77−2.63)* | 1.90 (1.12−5.14)* | 1.66 (0.78−3.95)* | 0.031 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.01 (3.54−4.65)* | 4.58 (3.81−5.32)* | 4.36 (3.84−5.15)* | 4.28 (3.73−5.07)* | < 0.001 |
| High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.07 (0.84−1.34)* | 1.07 (0.90−1.26)* | 1.00 (0.83−1.17)* | 1.06 (0.86−1.25)* | 0.091 |
| Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mmol/L | 2.40 ± 0.71 | 2.84 ± 0.85 | 2.79 ± 0.95 | 2.68 ± 0.85 | < 0.001 |
| Echocardiography | |||||
| Left ventricular outflow tract gradient, mmHg | 58.90 (36.00−87.35)* | 58.80 (38.50−89.50)* | 57.00 (38.85−80.25)* | 57.80 (37.50−84.80)* | 0.823 |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction | 70.00 (64.55−75.00)* | 69.00 (65.00−74.00)* | 68.00 (63.60−72.82)* | 70.00 (65.00−74.90)* | 0.127 |
| Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, mm | 41.00 (37.00−45.00)* | 42.00 (39.00−46.00)* | 42.00 (39.00−47.25)* | 42.00 (39.00−46.00)* | 0.193 |
| IVS/Left ventricular posterior wall ratio | 1.50 (1.20−1.90)* | 1.59 (1.30−2.00)* | 1.53 (1.33−2.06)* | 1.54 (1.27−2.00)* | 0.883 |
| Ventricular septum thickness, mm | 18.00 (16.00−23.00)* | 19.00 (16.00−23.00)* | 19.00 (16.00−23.00)* | 19.00 (16.00−23.00)* | 0.987 |
| IVS > 30 mm | 9 (8.4%) | 7 (6.6%) | 8 (7.5%) | 24 (7.5%) | 0.528 |