TABLE 2.
List of cell lines and organoids used for SARS-CoV-2 culture, treatment, and prevention strategies.
| Experimental model | Pharmacological studies | References |
|---|---|---|
| Eukaryotic cellular models | ||
| Human primary airway epithelial cells | An orally bioavailable β-D-N4-hydroxycytidine (NHC; EIDD-1931) and its derivatives were tested to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection using human primary airway epithelial cells | Sheahan et al. (2020) |
| Single-cell RNA sequencing was conducted to understand transmembrane receptors’ expression pattern to bind the SARS-CoV-2 virus | Lukassen et al. (2020) | |
| The entry of SARS-cov-2 in polarized Calu-3 lung epithelial cells was illustrated | Tseng et al. (2005) | |
| Compared to the expression pattern of ACE-2 and TMPRSS2 in primary lung epithelial cell controls | Abo et al. (2020) | |
| Studied the expression levels of the ACE2 receptor to understand the binding interaction of SARS-CoV-2 in the human airway epithelium | Zhang H. et al. (2020) | |
| Studied the potential of remdesivir to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 in human primary lung cells | Pruijssers et al. (2020) | |
| The human reconstituted airway epithelial model was tested for remdesivir therapeutic efficacy | Pizzorno et al. (2020) | |
| Vero cells | Studied the potential of ivermectin as an inhibitor of SARS-cov-2 in Vero-hSLAM cells | Caly et al. (2020) |
| Studied the efficacy of IFN-α or IFN-β against SARS-cov-2 viral titers in vero cells | Mantlo et al. (2020) | |
| Observed anti-ACE2 against viral replication in vero E6 cells | Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal (2003) | |
| Identified the SARS-cov-2 virus replication in Vero-CCL81 and vero E6 cells | (Harcourt et al., 2020) | |
| Observed the localization of CD147 in SARS-cov-2 affected vero E6 cells | Wang K. et al. (2020) | |
| Studied the potential of nelfinavir as an active therapeutic agent against COVID-19 in vero E6 cells | Xu et al. (2020) | |
| Employed VeroE6 cells for virus isolation and culture | Hui et al. (2020) | |
| The potential of lianhuaqingwen against SARS-cov-2 infection was observed using the cytopathic effect (CPE) and plaque reduction assay in vero E6 cells | Runfeng et al. (2020) | |
| Vero-6 cells were infected for the titration of infectious SARS-cov-2 particles by plaque-forming assays | Mendoza et al. (2020) | |
| The inhibitory effect of liu shen capsule against SARS-cov-2 replication was evaluated by CPE and plaque reduction assay in vero E6 cells | Ma et al. (2020) | |
| CaCo-2 cells | Employed CaCo-2 cells for culturing COVID-19 obtained from air and environmental samples | Zhou and Otter (2020) |
| CaCo-2 cells were used for SARS-cov-2 isolation from clinical specimens | Kim et al. (2020) | |
| SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA present in the infected cardiomyocytes induced productive infections in CaCo-2 cell lines | Bojkova et al. (2020) | |
| Assessed viral replication and proinflammatory responses to human macrophages and Caco-2 cells | Hui et al. (2020) | |
| CaCo-2 cells | Analyzed gene expression pattern of SARS-cov-2 infections using single-cell transcriptomics in H1299, Caco-2, and Calu-3 cells | Emanuel et al. (2020) |
| H1299 | ||
| Calu-3 | ||
| Calu-3 | A clinically proven protease inhibitor, camostat mesylate, inhibits Calu-3 infection caused by SARS-cov-2 | Huang et al. (2020) |
| HEK 293 cells | The flow cytometric approach employed to assess spike-specific IgG and IgM antibody responses | Lapuente et al. (2020) |
| Mapped the expression pattern of N-glycosylation on hACE2 on human HEK 293 cells | Shajahan et al. (2020) | |
| Full-length human ACE2 was expressed HEK 293 F cells, purified and used for the structural determination of ACE2 | Yan et al. (2020) | |
| Human intestinal epithelial cells | Human intestinal epithelial cells used for the production of SARS-CoV-2 virus particles | Stanifer et al. (2020) |
| Organoids | ||
| Human derived blood vessel organoids | Tested the efficacy of hrsACE2 on SARS-CoV-2 infected organoids | Monteil et al. (2020) |
| Human kidney organoids | ||
| Human iPSC-3D organoids | Used as a potential ex vivo infection model for novel treatment and prevention strategies | Zhou and Liu (2020) |
| hPSC-derived lung organoids | Analyzed transcriptome analysis after SARS-CoV-2 infection | Han et al. (2020) |
| Performed a high throughput and identified FDA-approved as inhibitors of SARS-cov-2 entry | ||
| Human hPSC derived colonic organoids (hPSC-COs) | Conducted single-cell RNA-seq and immunostaining to show entry of viral particles through ACE-2; hPSC-COs organoids were employed as a high-throughput screening system for FDA-approved drugs | Duan et al. (2020) |
| Human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)- derived BrainSphere model | Allow both COVID-19 infection and serves as an experimental model for nerotropism of COVID-19 | Bullen et al. (2020) |