Table 2.
Clinical syndrome and diagnostic characteristics.
| MD | HC | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | Definite | Probable | All | |
| n = 75 | n = 35 | n = 40 | n = 33 | |
| Age [in years] | 55.2 ± 14.9 | 54.8 ± 14.1 | 55.6 ± 15.8 | 42.1 ± 18.9 |
| Age range | 22–81 | 27–77 | 22–81 | 20–84 |
| Gender | 36 females | 14 females | 22 females | 19 females |
| Handedness | 97% RH, 3% LH | 100% RH | 93% RH, 7% LH | 97% RH, 3% LH |
| (A) Clinical syndrome | ||||
| Type of vertigo | 73% Ro, 25% Sw, 2% Lh | 83% Ro, 14% Sw, 3% Lh | 64% Ro, 33% Sw, 3% Lh | – |
| Duration of illness [in months] | 56.8 ± 88.7 | 49.0 ± 84.9 | 63.5 ± 92.4 | – |
| Number of attacks altogether | 48.7 ± 56.6 | 47.2 ± 49.1 | 49.8 ± 62.7 | – |
| Number of attacks in the last 3 months | 15.0 ± 37.8 | 18.5 ± 52.4 | 12.4 ± 21.2 | – |
| Duration of attacks [in hours] | 5.0 ± 6.9 (0.5–24) | 3.2 ± 3.0 (0.5–12) | 6.7 ± 8.7 (0.5–24) | – |
| Time since last attack [in days] | 35.1 ± 44.7 (1–180) | 36.1 ± 43.4 (1–180) | 33.9 ± 47.0 (1–180) | – |
| Nausea, Vomiting | 86.7% | 97.1% | 77.5% | – |
| VM-Headache | 1.3% | 0% | 2.5% | – |
| Sensitivity to light or noise | 9.7% | 8.6% | 10.0% | – |
| Focal neurological deficits | 8.0% | 0% | 15% | – |
| History of migraine | 1.7% | 3.1% | 0% | – |
| Family history of migraine | 5.1% | 0% | 11.5% | – |
| Other-Headache | 22.7% | 28.6% | 17.5% | – |
| MD-Ear-symptoms | 84.0% | 94.3% | 75.0% | – |
| MD-bilateral | 25.3% | 31.4% | 20.0% | – |
| MD-ipsilateral | 81.3% | 94.3% | 70.0% | – |
| MD-contralateral | 8.0% | 11.4% | 5.0% | – |
| Other-Ear-symptoms | 8.0% | 2.9% | 12.5% | – |
| Other-bilateral | 8.0% | 2.9% | 12.5% | – |
| Other-ipsilateral | 9.3% | 0% | 15% | – |
| Other-contralateral | 0% | 0% | 0% | – |
| (B) Diagnostic characteristics | ||||
| CEMD | 9.3% | 2.9% | 15% | 0% |
| PEMD ipsilateral | 53.3% | 60.0% | 47.5% | 0% |
| SVV ipsilateral, pathologic | 28% | 34.3% | 22.5% | 0% |
| Caloric ipsilateral, pathologic | 83.6% | 94.3% | 73.7% | 0% |
| Caloric contralateral, pathologic | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% |
| Caloric bilateral, pathologic | 1.4% | 0% | 2.6% | 0% |
| Caloric ipsilateral [°/s] | 7.6 ± 6.9 (0.8–40.6) | 7.8 ± 7.8 (0.9–40.3) | 7.5 ± 6.1 (0.8–34.4) | 13.8 ± 4.5 (3.8–24.2) |
| Caloric contralateral [°/s] | 12.8 ± 8.4 (1.6–55.0) | 13.8 ± 9.7 (1.6–55.0) | 11.9 ± 7.0 (2.7–32.5) | 19 ± 11 (4.8–50.1) |
| Caloric Asymmetry-Index [%] | 34.8 ± 22.7 (0.7–90.6) | 36.4 ± 23.3 (0.9–40.6) | 33.3 ± 22.2 (0.8–90.6) | 0.2 ± 19.8 (0.8–48.3) |
| HIT ipsilateral, pathologic | 48.4% | 51.6% | 45.5% | 0% |
| HIT bilateral, pathologic | 6.3% | 6.5% | 6.1% | 0% |
| HIT ipsilateral [gain at 60ms] | 0.8 ± 0.2 (0.2–1.1) | 0.7 ± 0.2 (0.2–1.02) | 0.8 ± 0.2 (0.4–1.1) | 1 ± 0.1 (0.8–1.1) |
| HIT contralateral [gain at 60 ms] | 0.8 ± 0.2 (0.4–1.1) | 0.8 ± 0.2 (0.4–1.01) | 0.9 ± 0.1 (0.6–1.09) | 0.9 ± 0.1 (0.8–1.0) |
| Audio MD-typical ipsilateral | 76.2% | 93.3% | 60.6% | 0% |
| Audio MD-atypical ipsilateral | 3.2% | 0% | 6.1% | 0% |
| Audio Presbyacusis-typical | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% |
| Audio low-frequency ipsilateral [dB] | 41.3 ± 23.1 (8.0–110.0) | 49.9 ± 20.3 (10.0–110.0) | 33.7 ± 22.9 (8.0–92.0) | 20.0 ± 3 (8.0–35.0) |
| Audio low-frequency contralateral [dB] | 21.1 ± 14.4 (7.0–77.0) | 20.3 ± 11.6 (7.0–63.0) | 20.3 ± 11.6 (7.0–63.0) | 18 ± 6 (15–33.0) |
CEMD, central eye movement disorder; Lh, light-headedness; PEMD, peripheral eye movement disorder; Ro, rotational vertigo; Sw, swaying vertigo.