Table 1.
Demographics, clinical findings, echocardiographic, and electrocardiographic findings of patients with MIS-C
| Total patients | Mild MIS-C | Moderate MIS-C | Severe MIS-C | p values | Relative risk (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics (n, %) | 36 (100%) | 13 (36.1%) | 6 (16.7%) | 17 (47.2%) | ||
| Gender (Male/female) | 19/17 (52.8/47.2) | 8/5(61.5/38.5) | 3/3 (50/50) | 8/9 (42.1/52.9) | 0.690 | 1.230 (0.398–1.589) |
| Age (month)* | 94.5 (17–204) | 71 (17–166) | 103.5 (28–132) | 109 (17–204) | 0.362 | |
| SARS-CoV-2 infection evidence | ||||||
| Recent COVID-19 infection | 8 (22.2%) | 4 (30%) | 1 (16.6%) | 3 (17.6%) | 0.650 | 1.491 (0.418–5.326) |
| Known COVID-19 exposure | 12 (33.3%) | 4 (30.7%) | 2 (33.3%) | 6 (35.2%) | 0.581 | 0.805 (0.434–1.495) |
| SARS-CoV-2 PCR positivity | 1 (2.7%) | - | - | 1 (5.8%) | 0.563 | NA |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG positivity | 32 (88.8%) | 12 (92.3%) | 5 (83.3%) | 15 (88.2%) | 0.938 | 0.954 (0.735–1.239) |
| Kawasaki disease symptoms | ||||||
| Fever | 36 (100%) | 13 (100%) | 6 (100%) | 17 (100%) | NA | NA |
| Rash | 21 (58.3%) | 7 (53.8%) | 1 (16.6%) | 13 (76.4%) | 0.035‡ | 0.551(0.305–0.993) |
| Conjunctivitis | 25 (69.4%) | 8 (61.5%) | 3 (50%) | 14 (82.3%) | 0.248 | 0.703 (0.452–1.094) |
| Periorbital oedema and erythema | 7 (19.4%) | - | 1 (16.6%) | 6 (35.2%) | 0.018† | 0.149 (0.020–1.117) |
| Strawberry tongue | 21 (58.3%) | 8 (61.5%) | 3 (50%) | 10 (58.8%) | 0,89 | 0.703 (0.452–1.094) |
| Cervical lymphadenopathy (> 1.5 cm) | 5 (13.8%) | - | 1 (16.6%) | 4 (23.5%) | 0.178 | 0.179 (0.023–1.383) |
| Abdominal pain | 20 (55.5%) | 8 (61.5%) | 4 (66.6%) | 8 (47%) | 0.611 | 1.342 (0.729–2.470) |
| Vomiting | 12 (33.3%) | 5 (38.5%) | 2 (33.3%) | 5 (29.4%) | 0.873 | 1.253 (0.488–3.216) |
| Gastroenteritis | 10 (27.7%) | 3 (23%) | 3 (50%) | 4 (23.5%) | 0.412 | 1.342 (0.454–3.963) |
| Mesenteric lymphadenopathy | 5 (13.8%) | 2 (20%) | 1 (16.6%) | 2 (11.7%) | 1 | 1 (0.202–4.955) |
| Hepatitis | 9 (25%) | 3 (23%) | - | 6 (35.2%) | 0.225 | 0.447 (0.132–1.518) |
| Prerenal insufficiency | 4 (11.1%) | - | - | 4 (23.5%) | 0.038† | (1.042–1.925) |
| Neurological sign | 14 (38.8%) | 6 (46.1%) | - | 8 (47%) | 0.101 | 0.671 (0.292–1.542) |
| Haematological involvement | 34 (94.4%) | 12 (92.3%) | 5 (83.3%) | 17 (100%) | 0.283 | (0.767–1.044) |
| Thrombocytopenia | 10 (27.4%) | 2 (15.3%) | 1 (16.6%) | 7 (41.1%) | 0.236 | 0.383 (0.117–1.253) |
| Lymphopenia | 12 (33.3%) | 2 (15.3%) | - | 10 (58.8%) | 0.03†‡ | 0.179 (0.045–0.704) |
| D-dimer abnormality | 32 (88.8%) | 11 (84.6%) | 4 (66.6%) | 17 (100%) | 0.043‡ | (0.626–0.996) |
| Coagulation abnormalities | 10 (27.7%) | 3 (23%) | 2 (33.3%) | 5 (29.4%) | 0.929 | 0.944 (0.331–2.692) |
| ECG abnormality | 17 (47.2%) | 1(15.3%) | 4 (83.3%) | 12 (64.7%) | 0.002†¥ | 0.373 (0.165–0.840) |
| Sinus tachycardia | 8 (22.2%) | 1 (7.6%) | 3 (50%) | 4 (23.5%) | 0.117 | 0.895 (0.264–3.036) |
| Incomplete right bundle branch block | 5 (13.8%) | 1 (7.6%) | 1 (16.6%) | 3 (17.6%) | 0.720 | 0.596(0.113–3.154) |
| First-degree AV block | 4 (11.1%) | - | 1(16.6%) | 3 (17.6%) | 0.280 | 0.298 (0.034–2.603) |
| ST elevation | 1 (2.7%) | - | - | 1 (5.8%) | 0.563 | (0.943–1.197) |
| Normal ECG rhythm | 19 (52.7%) | 12 (92.3%) | 2 (33.3%) | 5 (29.4%) | 0.002†¥ | 2.505 (1.144–5.487) |
| ECHO findings | 30 (83.3%) | 8 (61.5%) | 6 (100%) | 16 (94.1%) | 0.029† | 0.783 (0.584–1.050) |
| Valve insufficiency | 25 (69.4%) | 7 (53.8%) | 5(83.3%) | 13 (76.4%) | 0.296 | 0.826 (0.536–1.273) |
| Left ventricular dysfunction | 11 (30.5%) | - | - | 11 (64.7%) | 0.00†‡ | (1.489–5.393) |
| Right ventricular dysfunction | 3 (8.3%) | - | - | 3 (17.6%) | 0.176 | (0.974–1.513) |
| Ventricular dilatation with normal EF | 5 (13.8%) | - | 2 (33.3%) | 3 (17.6%) | 0.013¥ | 1.342 (0.254–7.096) |
| Coronary dilatation | 4 (11.1%) | - | - | 4 (23.3%) | 0.038†‡ | (1.005–1.702) |
| Pericardial effusion | 3 (8.3%) | 1 (7.6%) | - | 2 (11.7%) | 0.66 | 0.447 (0.044–4.505) |
| Clinical features overlapping with KD | 25 (69.4%) | 11 (84.6%) | 2 (33.3%) | 12 (70.5%) | 0.078 | 0.895 (0.565–1.418) |
| Clinical features overlapping with COVID-19 | 3 (8.3%) | - | 1 (16.6%) | 2 (11.7%) | 0.370 | 0.447 (0.044–4.505) |
| Without overlapping with COVID-19 or KD | 8 (22.2%) | 2 (15.3%) | 3 (50%) | 3 (17.6%) | 0.198 | 1.491 (0.418–5.326) |
| Length of stay in hospital* | 8 (4–18) | 6 (4–18) | 7 (5–10) | 10 (7–17) | 0.01† | |
Abbreviations: AV block, atrioventricular node block; ECG, electrocardiography; ECHO, echocardiography; EF, ejection fraction; IgG, immunoglobulin G; KD, Kawasaki disease; NA, not applicable; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; PCR, polymerase chain reaction
Categorical variables were presented as number and percentage
*Values were presented as median with range
Relative risk (RR) was calculated between the severe MIS-C group and the combined mild-to-moderate MIS-C group, as the number of cases was relatively small
†p < 0.05; severe MIS-C versus mild MIS-C
‡p < 0.05; severe MIS-C versus moderate MIS-C
¥p < 0.05; moderate MIS-C versus mild MIS-C