Table 1. Urine EVs for prostate cancer diagnosis.
| Target molecules | Target type | Sample | Detection methods | Performance | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ERG, PCA3 and SPDEF | RNA | Urine | qRT-PCR | AUC of 0.803 for the detection of ≥GS7 PCa by PCA3 and ERG RNA levels in combination with SOC | (61) |
| ERG, PCA3, and SPDEF | RNA | Urine | qRT-PCR | EPI test in combination with SOC improved discrimination of ≥GS7 PCa in training and validation cohorts (AUC =0.77 and 0.73, respectively) | (16) |
| LincRNA-p21 | RNA | Urine | qRT-PCR | The lincRNA-p21 levels were significantly higher in PCa than in BPH (AUC =0.663) | (62) |
| CDH3 | RNA | Urine | qRT-PCR | The decreased abundance of CDH3 transcript in urine EVs from PCa patients | (63) |
| BIRC5, ERG, PCA3, TMPRSS2:ERG, and TMPRSS2 | RNA | Urine | qRT-PCR | BIRC5 (AUC =0.674), ERG (AUC =0.785), PCA3 (AUC =0.681), TMPRSS2:ERG (AUC =0.744), and TMPRSS2 (AUC =0.637) are upregulated in PCa | (64) |
| PCA3 and PRAC | RNA | Urine | qRT-PCR | AUC of 0.736 for the detection of GS≥7 PCa by PCA3 and PRAC | (65) |
| GATA2, PCA3 and TMPRSS2-ERG | RNA | Urine | qRT-PCR | GAPT-E (GATA2, PCA3, and TMPRSS2-ERG) score improved discrimination of high-grade PCa in training and validation cohorts (AUC =0.85 and 0.71, respectively) | (66) |
| miR-574-3p, miR-141-5p, and miR-21-5p | miRNA | Urine | qRT-PCR | AUC of 0.85, 0.86, and 0.65 for the detection of PCa by miRNA-574-3p, miR-141-5p, and miR-21-5p, respectively | (67) |
| miR204-5p, miR21-5p, and miR-375 | miRNA | Urine | Stemloop RTPCR | AUC of 0.866 for the diagnosis of PCa by the three miRNA-isoformes | (68) |
| miR-19b | miRNA | Urine | qRT-PCR | Sensitivity/specificity for the detection of PCa were 93%/100% in total vesicles and 79%/95% in exosome-enriched fractions, respectively | (69) |
| miR-21 and miR-375 | miRNA | Urine | qRT-PCR | A panel combining miR-21 and miR-375 improved discrimination of PCa (AUC =0.872) | (70) |
| miR-145 | miRNA | Urine | qRT-PCR | miR-145 levels in combination with serum PSA differentiate PCa from BPH (AUC =0.863) | (71) |
| miR-196a-5p and miR-501-3p | miRNA | Urine | qRT-PCR | AUC of 0.73 and 0.69 for the detection of PCa by miR-196a-5p and miR-501-3p, respectively | (72) |
| miR-2909 | miRNA | Urine | qRT-PCR | miR-2909 levels correlated with the GS in PCa | (73) |
| miR-21-5p and miR-200c-3p | miRNA | Urine | qRT-PCR | miR-21 is upregulated and miR-200c is downregulated in PCa | (74) |
| miR-30b-3p and miR-126-3p | miRNA | Urine | qRT-PCR | AUC of 0.663 and 0.664 in discriminating PCa from negative biopsy by miR-30b-3p and miR-126-3p, respectively | (75) |
| A platform that interrogates small noncoding RNAs | sncRNA | Urine | Affymetrix miR 4.0 arrays | The miR Sentinel™ PCa Test demonstrated a sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 90% for the prediction of GS≥7 PCa | (76) |
| ITGA3 and ITGB1 | Protein | Urine | WB | ITGA3 and ITGB1 were abundant in urine exosomes of metastatic PCa | (77) |
| TMEM256 and LAMTOR1 | Protein | Urine | MS | AUC of 0.87 for TMEM256 as biomarker for PCa. AUC 0.94 in combining TMEM256 and LAMTOR1 as biomarker for PCa | (78) |
| CD63 | Protein | Urine | TR-FIA | AUC of 0.68 in discriminating PCa from control by CD63 | (79) |
| CD63, GK5, SGSH, PSA and PPAP | Protein | Urine | SRM | AUC of 0.70 for the diagnosis of GS ≥7 (4+3) PCa by combining CD63, GK5, SGSH, PSA, and PPAP | (80) |
| FABP5 | Protein | Urine | SRM/MRM | AUC of 0.757 for the detection of PCa, and AUC of 0.856 for the detection of ≥GS7 PCa | (81) |
| Flotillin 2 | Protein | Urine | WB or ELISA | AUC of 0.91 for the diagnosis of PCa by flotillin 2 using western blot | (82) |
| Phosphatidylserine and lactosylceramide | Lipid | Urine | MS | The ratio of LacCer (d18:1/16:0) over PS 18:1/18:1 and of PS 18:0-18:2 over PS 18:1/18:1 had a sensitivity of 93% at 100% specificity in distinguishing PCa | (83) |
qRT-PCR, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction; TR-FIA, time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay; SRM, selected reaction monitoring; MRM, multiple reaction monitoring; WB, western blotting; MS, mass spectrometry; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; SOC, standard of care; EPI, ExoDx Prostate IntelliScore; PCa, prostate cancer; REF, reference.