Figure 1.

Clinical application of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in bladder cancer management. Urinary EVs are likely to be clinically useful biomarkers for bladder cancer. EV-associated biomolecules can be examined using several modalities, including real-time PCR, western blotting, and ExoScreen assays and microfluidic devices. Three therapeutic applications have been proposed: 1. inhibition of EV secretion, 2. elimination of circulating EVs, and 3. disruption of EV absorption. These EV-targeted strategies may add additional value to existing therapeutic methods.