Table 1. Potential use of urinary extracellular vesicles in bladder cancer.

Biomolecules	Role	Marker	Isolation methods	Type assay	Ref
miRNAs	Diagnostic	miR-205, -2003c-3p, 29b-3p	Urine Exosome RNA Isolation Kit	nanostring microRNA assay, droplet digital PCR	(30)
	Diagnostic (high grade bladder cancer)	miR-375	Ultracentrifugation	microarray, qRT-PCR	(33)
	Diagnostic (low grade bladder cancer)	miR-146a	Ultracentrifugation	microarray, qRT-PCR	(33)
	Diagnostic	miR-21-5p	Ultracentrifugation	microarray, qRT-PCR	(34)
	Diagnostic	Combination of miRNAs	No isolation method	microarray	(32)
lncRNA	Diagnostic (invasive bladder cancer)	HOTAIR, HOX-AS-2, ANRIL, linc-RoR	Ultracentrifugation	RNA sequence, RT-PCR	(37)
	Diagnostic (invasive bladder cancer)	HYMA1, LINC0047, LOC100506688, OTX2-AS1	Ultracentrifugation	RNA sequence, RT-PCR	(37)
	Diagnostic and prognostic	MALAT1, PCAT-1, SPRY4-IT1	Urine Exosome RNA Isolation Kit	qRT-PCR	(38)
circRNA	Diagnostic and prognostic	circPRMT5	Ultracentrifugation	circRNA array, qRT-PCR	(43)
mRNA	Diagnostic	SLC2A1, GPRC5, KRT17	Exosome isolation tube	RNA sequence, qRT-PCR	(45)
	Diagnostic	LASS2, GALT1	Ultracentrifugation	microarray, RT-PCR	(46)
Protein	Diagnostic and prognostic	alpha 1-antitrypsin H2B1K	Ultracentrifugation	mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)	(50)
	Diagnostic	HEXB, S100A4, SND1, TALDO1	Ultracentrifugation	western blotting	(51)
	Diagnostic	TACSTD2	Ultracentrifugation	mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS, LC-MRM/MS), ELISA	(52)
	Diagnostic (invasive bladder cancer)	EDIL-3	Sucrose/D2O cushion ultracentrifugation	mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), western blotting	(53)
	Diagnostic (invasive bladder cancer)	Periostin	Ultracentrifugation	mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), western blotting	(54)