Table 1.
Clinical characteristics and main outcome in the non-GDM and GDM groups
| Variable | P-NGT group | GDM group | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 304) | (n = 152) | ||
| Age (years) | 29 (26, 32) | 29 (26, 33) | 0.171 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 21.23 (19.56, 23.24) | 22.32 (20.20, 24.17) | 0.001* |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 110 (104, 120) | 112 (102, 120) | 0.294 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 70 (65, 75) | 70 (65, 78) | 0.673 |
| HbA1c (%) | 4.80 (4.50, 4.90) | 4.90 (4.40, 5.20) | < 0.001** |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 4.20 (4.00, 4.50) | 4.90 (4.40, 5.65) | < 0.001** |
| 1-h PG (mmol/L) | 6.70 (5.70, 7.95) | 9.80 (7.78, 10.90) | < 0.001** |
| 2-h PG (mmol/L) | 6.30 (5.40, 6.90) | 8.50 (6.13, 9.20) | < 0.001** |
| FINS (mU/L) | 8.72 (5.96, 12.98) | 10.26 (6.69, 15.46) | 0.010* |
| 1-h INS (mU/L) | 61.49 (42.55, 86.39) | 74.00 (48.65, 117.00) | 0.010* |
| 2-h INS (mU/L) | 60.70 (39.81, 82.71) | 84.06 (51.94, 133.75) | < 0.001** |
| HOMA-IR | 1.64 (1.09, 2.51) | 2.20 (1.46, 3.84) | < 0.001** |
| HOM-AB | 3.68 (1.73, 3.68) | 1.75 (0.94, 2.56) | < 0.001** |
| ALT (U/L) | 15 (11, 23) | 13 (10.00, 22) | 0.301 |
| Total bilirubin (μmol/L) | 8.00 (6.90,10.00) | 8.00 (6.25,9.69) | 0.569 |
| Creatinine (umol/L) | 46 (43, 51) | 47 (42, 51) | 0.494 |
| Uric acid (μmol/L) | 213 (184,259) | 230 (195,256) | 0.130 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 2.17 (1.73,2.80) | 2.41 (1.90,3.11) | 0.023* |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 6.07 (5.53, 6.82) | 5.97 (5.27, 6.66) | 0.093 |
| White blood cell (× 109/L) | 9.12 ± 2.02 | 9.90 ± 2.07 | < 0.001* |
| Platelet count (×109/L) | 217.50 ± 48.21 | 224.07 ± 42.06 | 0.061 |
| Parity | 2 (1,2) | 1 (1,2) | 0.439 |
|
Weight gain during pregnancy (Kg) Systolic pressure before delivery (mmHg) |
15.85 ± 5.37 120 (110,126) |
14.09 ± 6.47 120 (117,127) |
0.014* 0.135 |
| Fetus birth weight (g) | 3398.92 ± 461.79 | 3542.10 ± 448.09 | 0.003* |
| PROM (n,%) | 22 (7.6) | 19 (13.29) | 0.033* |
| Macrosomia (n,%) | 20 (6.99) | 24 (16.78) | 0.004* |
| Fetal distress in the uterus (n,%) | 25 (8.74) | 13 (0.091) | 0.991 |
Data represent the Mean and standard deviation, medians (interquartile ranges) or percentages (%). Significant at P < 0.05. P < 0.05*, P < 0.001**, Calculated using the Mann-Whitney U test or Chi-square test
PROM premature rupture of the membranes, BMI body mass index, HbA1c hemoglobin, FPG fasting plasma glucose, 1-h PG 1-hour postprandial glucose, 2-h PG 2-hour postprandial glucose, FINS fasting insulin, 1-h INS 1-hour postprandial insulin, 2-h INS 2-hour postprandial insulin, ALT alanine aminotransferase, Macrosomia Fetus birth weight above 4000g