Table 2.
Comparison of clinical-scales, cortical-excitability (in ipsilesional and contralesional-hemisphere) and interhemispheric parameters in Robotic Group with Control Group
| Groups | Robotic-therapy group | Control group | Intergroup p-value | Bonferroni correction | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcomes | Pre-Therapy | Post-Therapy | Difference of mean | Robotic group p-value | Pre-therapy | Post-therapy | Difference of mean | Control group p-value | ||
| Mean + Std dev | Mean + Std dev | |||||||||
| Clinical scales | ||||||||||
| MAS | 1.75 ± 0.2 | 1.29 ± 0.3 | 0.46 | 0.0009 | 1.86 ± 0.5 | 1.59 ± 0.6 | 0.27 | 0.12 | 0.03* | 0.19 |
| AROM | 15.00 ± 9.7 | 34.50 ± 14.50 | 19.580 | 0.0004 | 13.60 ± 7.70 | 20.00 ± 8.00 | 6.4 | 0.002 | 0.02* | 0.07 |
| BI | 74.1 ± 12.4 | 89.1 ± 7.9 | 15 | 0.0009 | 69.5 ± 12.9 | 82.7 ± 14.3 | 13.18 | 0.0009 | 0.82 | 0.48 |
| BS | 3.6 ± 0.7 | 4.8 ± 0.9 | 1.16 | 0.0004 | 3.72 ± 1 | 4.4 ± 1.2 | 0.73 | 0.015 | 0.311 | 0.27 |
| FMU/L | 36 ± 7.7 | 50.2 ± 6.5 | 14.2 | 0.0004 | 37.4 ± 9.1 | 45.4 ± 9.7 | 8 | 0.0009 | 0.039* | 0.04# |
| FMW/H | 9.7 ± 2.7 | 16.6 ± 4.3 | 6.9 | 0.0004 | 11.4 ± 2.9 | 15.1 ± 3.6 | 3.73 | 0.0009 | 0.012* | 0.01# |
| FMS/E | 26.2 ± 5.6 | 33.5 ± 3.8 | 7.3 | 0.0009 | 26 ± 7.07 | 29.8 ± 7.08 | 3.8 | 0.002 | 0.13 | 0.28 |
|
∆FM W/H |
0.73 ± 0.45 | 0.33 ± 0.14 | 0.012* | 0.01# | ||||||
| Cortical-excitability | ||||||||||
| RMT IL | 95.3 ± 7.8 | 79.58 ± 14.38 | 15.17 | 0.0039 | 89 ± 16.03 | 85.18 ± 17.9 | 3.82 | 0.12 | 0.027* | 0.02# |
| MEP A IL | 39.4 ± 60.4 | 94.3 ± 63.2 | 54.9 | 0.048 | 38.1 ± 55.9 | 38.24 ± 40 | 0.14 | 0.312 | 0.014* | 0.04# |
| RMT CL | 67.33 ± 10.1 | 65.08 ± 11.12 | 2.25 | 0.051 | 68.09 ± 11.7 | 66.18 ± 12.57 | 1.91 | 0.052 | 0.87 | 0.65 |
| MEP A CL | 506.33 ± 247 | 355.3 ± 191.5 | 151.03 | 0.23 | 200.2 ± 77 | 185.4 ± 268.3 | 14.8 | 0.41 | 0.65 | 0.37 |
| RMTasym | 1.43 ± 0.21 | 1.25 ± 0.31 | 0.18 | 0.012 | 1.33 ± 0.32 | 1.30 ± 0.28 | 0.03 | 0.59 | 0.028* | 0.035# |
| ∆RMTipsi | 0.16 ± 0.12 | 0.04 ± 0.09 | 0.023* | 0.017# | ||||||
| ∆RMT asym ratio | 0.12 ± 0.14 | 0.011 ± 0.1 | 0.028* | 0.034# | ||||||
*Shows the statistical significance differences (p < 0.05) between RG and CG, #Shows the statistical significance with bonferroni correction applied
MAS (max 4) Modified Ashworth Scale, AROM (max 70) Active Range of Motion
BI (max 100) Barthel Index, BS (max 7) Brunstorm Stage
FMU/L (max 66) Fugl-Meyer Upper Limb Scale, FMW/H (max 24) Fugl-Meyer Wrist Hand
FMS/E (max 42) Fugl-Meyer Shoulder Elbow, MEP A( µv) MEP Amplitude, RMT (%)
IL Ipsilesional, CL Contralesional, RMTasymm = (RMT Ipsilesional / RMT contralesional), ∆RMTasymm-ratio = (Post RMTasymm—Pre RMTasymm)/Pre RMTasymm = Relative improvement in RMT ratio
∆RMTipsi = (Pre RMT Ipsi–Post RMT Ipsi)/Pre RMT Ipsi (RMT decreases in case of improvement) = Relative decrease/improvement in ipsilesional RMT
∆FMW/H = (Post FMW/H–Pre FMW/H)/ Pre FMW/H = Relative improvement in Fugl-Meyer (W/H)