Table 1.
Participant’s Characteristics According to Sarcopenia by 2019 AWGS criteria (N = 428)
| Overall | Without Sarcopenia | With Sarcopenia | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 428) | (n = 276) | (n = 152) | ||
| Age (years), mean ± SD | 86.34 ± 3.57 | 85.72 ± 3.34 | 87.48 ± 3.68 | <.001 |
| Female, n (%) | 304 (60.32%) | 171 (61.96%) | 81 (53.29%) | 0.081 |
| Higher Education (above high school), n (%) | 247 (49.40%) | 139 (50.55%) | 71 (47.02%) | 0.78 |
| Married, n (%) | 298 (59.72%) | 164 (59.42%) | 93 (62.00%) | 0.603 |
| BMI, (kg/m2) | 24.13 ± 4.61 | 25.12 ± 4.30 | 22.23 ± 2.82 | <.001 |
| Obesity, n (%) | 108 (21.43%) | 56 (20.29%) | 5 (3.29%) | |
| Low physical activity | 240 (47.62%) | 126 (45.65%) | 77 (50.66%) | 0.927 |
| Smoke Status, n (%) | 0.79 | |||
| Previous smoker | 8 (1.60%) | 5 (1.82%) | 3 (1.97%) | |
| Current smoker | 86 (17.20%) | 45 (16.42%) | 26 (17.11%) | |
| Never smoker | 403 (80.60%) | 221 (80.66%) | 123 (80.92%) | |
| Current Alcohol Use (> = 2–3 time/week), n (%) | 253 (51.52%) | 132 (48.88%) | 80 (53.34%) | 0.353 |
| High comorbidity (Charlsen comorbidity index > 2) | 115 (22.82%) | 58 (21.01%) | 33 (21.71%) | 0.866 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 362 (73.43%) | 204 (74.73%) | 104 (70.75%) | 0.379 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 137 (27.57%) | 74 (27.21%) | 42 (27.81%) | 0.893 |
| History of Coronary Artery Disease, n (%) | 264 (53.88%) | 148 (54.61%) | 73 (49.66%) | 0.333 |
| Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), n (%) | 152 (35.51%) | 48 (17.39%) | 44 (28.95%) | 0.005 |
| Depression, n (%) | 47 (9.33%) | 23 (8.33%) | 10 (6.58%) | 0.646 |
| Poor Self-reported Health, n (%) | 176 (35.20%) | 80 (28.99%) | 57 (38.00%) | 0.057 |
| MNA-SF(<=11) | 65 (12.90%) | 21 (7.61%) | 31 (20.39%) | <.001 |
| Physical function | ||||
| Handgrip Strength (kg),median (IQR) | 22.8 (19.2–27.7) | 23.8 (20.6–29.1) | 20.65 (17.6–25.1) | <.001 |
| Usual gait speed(m/s),median (IQR) | 0.85 (0.67–1.02) | 0.93 (0.73–1.06) | 0.79 (0.64–0.94) | <.001 |
| Time get up and go test (s),median (IQR) | 11.92 (9.87–15.09) | 11.51 (9.71–14.23) | 13.44 (10.37–16.32) | 0.011 |
| Five times Sit-to-stand(s),median (IQR) | 14 (11.25–16.78) | 13.57 (11.19–15.75) | 15.00 (11.81–20.00) | 0.011 |
| SMI, median (IQR) | ||||
| Appendicular Lean Mass index (kg/m2) | 6.32 (5.71–7.04) | 6.62 (6.04–7.54) | 5.60 (5.24–6.51) | 0.425 |
| Appendicular Lean Mass to BMI ratio | 0.69 (0.58–0.82) | 0.72 (0.62–0.83) | 0.65 (0.54–0.78) | 0.477 |
Notes: Values are means (± SD), median (inter - quartile range) or numbers (percentages). BMI body mass index, GDS Geriatric Depression Scale, MNA Mini Nutritional Assessment. p-values are based on the chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, and the Mann–Whitney U test. Comorbidities were hypertension, myocardial infarction, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, congestive heart failure, angina pectoris, peripheral vascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, osteoarthritis, rheumarthritis, osteoporosis, asthma, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, as diagnosed by a physician