Table 1.
Clinical data of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) with or without scleroedema adultorum of Buschke
| Screened DM cases | P-values | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patients with newly diagnosed scleroedema (S1) | DM patients without scleroedema (DM without S) | Scleroedema patients already treated in tertiary care centre (S2) | S1 versus (vs.) DM without S | S2 vs. DM without S | S1 vs. S2 | |
| Patients, n | 11 | 102 | 15 | |||
| Female, n (%) | 8 (73) | 63 (64) | 7 (46.7) | 0.744 | 0.258 | 0.246 |
| Age, mean (S.D.) years | 63.7 (8.9) | 62.3 (12.9) | 62.0 (9.6) | 0.709 | 0.942 | 1.000 |
| Type 2 DM, n (%) | 11 (100) | 89 (87) | 15 (100) | 0.358 | 0.214 | N.A. |
| Type 2 DM duration mean (S.D.), years | 20.7 (9.8) | 14.2 (11.1) | 15.3 (10.2) | 0.060 | 1.000 | 0.540 |
| BMI median (IQR) | 34.2 (11.7) | 31.5 (8.7) | 34.3 (7.7) | 0.050b | 1.000 | 0.385 |
| Mean (S.D.) | 36.8 (7.3) | 31.2 (7.2) | 32.5 (5.5) | |||
| Smoking, n (%) | 6 (55) | 29 (25) | 7 (46.7) | 0.095 | 0.229 | 0.691 |
| Taking insulin, n (%) | 8 (73) | 37 (39) | 7 (46.7) | 0.025d | 0.438 | 0.246 |
| HbA1c > 6.5%, n (%) | 9 (82) | 78 (76) | 13 (87) | 0.634 | 0.346 | 1.000 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 10 (91) | 82 (80) | 14 (93) | 0.686 | 0.301 | 1.000 |
| Statin users, n (%) | 9 (82) | 44 (42) | 9 (60) | 0.024d | 0.221 | 0.395 |
| Triglyceride ≥1.7 mmol/L, n (%) | 8 (73) | 37 (39) | 12 (80) | 0.025d | < 0.001c | 1.000 |
| Low HDL chol*., n (%) | 6 (55) | 27 (26) | 8 (53.3) | 0.328 | 0.097 | 1.000 |
| Dyslipidaemia*, n (%) | 5 (45) | 13 (13) | 7 (46.7) | 0.015d | 0.009d | 0.951 |
| Metabolic syndrome*, n (%) | 11 (100) | 89 (87) | 15 (100) | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. |
| HSI*, median (IQR) | 50.4 (7.6) | 42.7 (9.8) | 46.8 (4.3) | 0.010a | 0.450 | 0.529 |
| Mean (S.D.) | 50.2 (6.5) | 43.1 (8.1) | 45.2 (5.5) | |||
| FSI*, median (IQR) | 1.12 (1.3) | −0.06 (1.8) | 0.83 (0.99) | 0.005a | 0.113 | 0.852 |
| Mean (S.D.) | 1.48 (1.3) | 0.06 (1.6) | 0.85 (1.06) | |||
| Laboratory findings, means (S.D.) | ||||||
| HbA1c, % | 7.9 (1.7) | 8.2 (2.2) | 8.6 (1.8) | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
| Triglyceride, mmol/L | 2.0 (1.4) | 1.7 (1.5) | 2.8 (1.2) | 0.092 | < 0.001a | 1.000 |
| Cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.7 (0.7) | 4.7 (1.2) | 6.3 (1.2) | 0.034a | < 0.001a | 1.000 |
| Non-HDL chol. Mmol/L | 4.5 (0.8) | 3.4 (1.1) | 5.2 (1.5) | 0.008a | < 0.001a | 1.000 |
| HDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.1 (0.3) | 1.3 (0.4) | 1.1 (0.3) | 0.422 | 0.021 | 1.000 |
| Uric acid, μmol/L | 293 (81) | 291 (94) | 323 (56) | 0.898 | 0.267 | 0.846 |
| Creatinine, μmol/L | 77.1 (15.4) | 78.5 (28.9) | 76.0 (19.8) | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
| AST, U/L | 24.1 (5.2) | 23.0 (15.0) | 31.8 (11.8) | 0.165 | 0.002a | 1.000 |
| ALT, U/L | 29.0 (6.1) | 25.1 (22.1) | 37.3 (15.5) | 0.040a | < 0.001a | 1.000 |
| GGT, U/L | 39.8 (32.8) | 50.8 (64.1) | 54.9 (33.8) | 1.000 | 0.120 | 0.165 |
| ESR, mm/h | 25.1 (22.1) | 17.9 (15.4) | 22.2 (18.2) | 1.000 | 0.582 | 1.000 |
AST aspartate aminotransferase, ALT alanine aminotransferase, GGT gamma-glutamyltransferase, BMI body mass index, HSI hepatic steatosis index [26], FSI Framingham steatosis index [27]; *See detailed definitions in Part 2.3 of the Methods; Statistically significant results defined as P < 0.05 by aKruskal-Wallis, bone-way ANOVA, cChi-square or dFisher’s exact tests. N.A. not applicable, IQR interquartile range, S.D. standard deviation