Table 1.
Characteristics of respondents (N = 387) and the proportions of vaccine hesitancy across groups
| Category | Item | Percent | Acceptance of COVID-19 vaccine | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes, N = 190 | No, N = 101 | Not sure, N = 96 | P value | |||
| All | 100 | 49.1 | 26.0 | 24.9 | ||
| Gender | Male | 46.5 | 56.7 | 24.4 | 18.9 | 0.01 |
| Female | 53.5 | 43.0 | 26.6 | 30.4 | ||
| Age | 18–29 | 27.4 | 45.3 | 30.2 | 24.5 | 0.59 |
| 30–49 | 53.2 | 49.0 | 24.8 | 26.2 | ||
| 50 and above | 19.4 | 56.0 | 21.3 | 22.7 | ||
| Race /ethnicity | White | 74.9 | 52.1 | 22.8 | 25.2 | 0.007 |
| Black | 10.9 | 26.2 | 50.0 | 23.8 | ||
| Asian | 7.2 | 60.7 | 17.9 | 21.4 | ||
| Hispanic | 7.0 | 44.4 | 25.9 | 29.6 | ||
| Educational attainment | High school and below | 12.1 | 36.2 | 29.8 | 34.0 | 0.0006 |
| Above high school and below bachelor | 38.8 | 39.3 | 32.7 | 28.0 | ||
| Bachelor and above | 49.1 | 60.5 | 19.0 | 20.5 | ||
| Household income | Less than $24,999 | 17.6 | 33.8 | 25.0 | 41.2 | 0.001 |
| $25,000 to $49,999 | 27.4 | 46.2 | 31.1 | 22.6 | ||
| $50,000 to $74,999 | 21.7 | 63.1 | 21.4 | 15.5 | ||
| $75,000 to $99,999 | 16.3 | 41.3 | 33.3 | 25.4 | ||
| $100,000 or more | 17.1 | 60.6 | 15.2 | 24.2 | ||
| Family size | 1 | 17.8 | 42.0 | 37.7 | 20.3 | 0.0002 |
| 2 | 31.5 | 65.6 | 18.9 | 15.6 | ||
| 3 | 22.2 | 48.8 | 23.3 | 27.9 | ||
| 4 | 17.1 | 42.4 | 24.2 | 33.3 | ||
| 5 and above | 11.4 | 27.3 | 31.8 | 40.9 | ||
| Urbanization | Urban | 81.9 | 51.6 | 22.2 | 26.3 | 0.024 |
| Suburban | 14.5 | 39.3 | 41.1 | 19.6 | ||
| Rural | 3.6 | 35.7 | 42.9 | 21.4 | ||
| Neighborhood poverty | Low: < 10% | 37.2 | 57.6 | 19.4 | 22.9 | 0.082 |
| Middle: ≥ 10% and < 20% | 39.5 | 46.4 | 26.8 | 26.8 | ||
| High: ≥ 20% | 23.3 | 41.1 | 33.3 | 25.6 | ||
| If smoking | Yes | 70.0 | 46.9 | 29.2 | 24.0 | 0.048 |
| No | 30.0 | 55.2 | 17.2 | 27.6 | ||
| If using e-cigarettes | Yes | 46.5 | 48.9 | 28.9 | 22.2 | 0.281 |
| No | 53.5 | 49.8 | 22.7 | 27.5 | ||
| If using marijuana | Yes | 41.4 | 47.7 | 27.1 | 25.2 | 0.831 |
| No | 58.6 | 50.4 | 24.6 | 25.0 | ||
| If heavy drink at least once in past 30 days | Yes | 41.3 | 44.4 | 30.6 | 25.0 | 0.13 |
| No | 58.7 | 52.9 | 22.0 | 25.1 | ||
| If stressed because of COVID-19 pandemic | Yes | 60.5 | 53.0 | 18.8 | 28.2 | 0.0007 |
| No | 39.5 | 43.8 | 36.0 | 20.3 | ||
| If infected by COVID-19 | Yes | 5.4 | 42.9 | 33.3 | 23.8 | 0.696 |
| No | 94.6 | 49.7 | 25.1 | 25.1 | ||
| If some family member infected by COVID-19 | Yes | 19.9 | 48.1 | 28.6 | 23.4 | 0.787 |
| No | 80.1 | 49.7 | 24.8 | 25.5 | ||
| If any COVID-19 death among social network | Yes | 15.8 | 47.5 | 31.2 | 21.3 | 0.514 |
| No | 84.2 | 49.7 | 24.5 | 25.8 | ||
| If lost job because of COVID-19 pandemic | Yes | 8.8 | 35.3 | 32.4 | 32.4 | 0.229 |
| No | 91.2 | 50.7 | 24.9 | 24.4 | ||
| Prior influenza vaccination | Every year | 30.1 | 75.9 | 8.6 | 15.5 | < .0001 |
| Almost every year | 18.3 | 56.3 | 12.7 | 31.0 | ||
| Some years | 15.2 | 42.4 | 33.9 | 23.7 | ||
| Only once | 8.5 | 27.3 | 39.4 | 33.3 | ||
| Never | 28.0 | 26.9 | 43.5 | 29.6 | ||