TABLE 1—
Sociodemographic Characteristics and the Cumulative Percentage of Children With Different Levels of Involvement With the Child Protection System: California’s 1999 Birth Cohort
| Investigated |
Substantiated |
Placed in Foster Care |
TPR | ||||||
| Variable | 1999 Birth Cohort, No. (%) | Cumulative % | RR (99% CI) | Cumulative % | RR (99% CI) | Cumulative % | RR (99% CI) | Cumulative % | RR (99% CI) |
| Total | 519 248 (100.0) | 26.3 | . . . | 10.5 | . . . | 4.3 | . . . | 1.1 | . . . |
| Child sex | |||||||||
| Female | 253 734 (48.9) | 26.7 | 1.03 (1.02, 1.05) | 10.8 | 1.05 (1.03, 1.08) | 4.4 | 1.01 (0.98, 1.05) | 1.1 | 1.06 (0.99, 1.14) |
| Male | 265 511 (51.1) | 25.9 | 1 (Ref) | 10.2 | 1 (Ref) | 4.3 | 1 (Ref) | 1.1 | 1 (Ref) |
| Maternal race/ethnicity | |||||||||
| Black | 34 156 (6.6) | 46.8 | 2.10 (2.06, 2.14) | 21.8 | 2.28 (2.21, 2.36) | 12.3 | 2.97 (2.83, 3.11) | 3.2 | 2.46 (2.24, 2.70) |
| Native American | 2 532 (0.5) | 50.2 | 2.25 (2.14, 2.38) | 27.4 | 2.87 (2.63, 3.13) | 14.4 | 3.49 (3.07, 3.97) | 3.8 | 2.95 (2.27, 3.83) |
| Latina/Hispanic | 252 691 (48.7) | 29.0 | 1.30 (1.28, 1.32) | 10.8 | 1.14 (1.11, 1.16) | 4.0 | 0.96 (0.92, 1.00) | 0.8 | 0.65 (0.60, 0.70) |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 57 087 (11.0) | 13.2 | 0.59 (0.58, 0.61) | 4.3 | 0.46 (0.43, 0.48) | 1.3 | 0.32 (0.29, 0.35) | 0.3 | 0.22 (0.18, 0.27) |
| White | 172 188 (33.2) | 22.3 | 1 (Ref) | 9.5 | 1 (Ref) | 4.1 | 1 (Ref) | 1.3 | 1 (Ref) |
| Maternal age at birth, y | |||||||||
| < 20 | 57 693 (11.1) | 45.7 | 2.25 (2.21, 2.28) | 20.4 | 2.69 (2.62, 2.76) | 9.1 | 2.99 (2.87, 3.12) | 2.1 | 2.52 (2.31, 2.75) |
| 20–24 | 120 519 (23.2) | 33.8 | 1.66 (1.64, 1.68) | 13.9 | 1.82 (1.78, 1.87) | 5.7 | 1.86 (1.78, 1.93) | 1.3 | 1.57 (1.45, 1.70) |
| ≥ 25 | 341 036 (65.7) | 20.4 | 1 (Ref) | 7.6 | 1 (Ref) | 3.0 | 1 (Ref) | 0.8 | 1 (Ref) |
| Maternal education | |||||||||
| Less than high school | 155 364 (29.9) | 36.2 | 1.65 (1.63, 1.67) | 15.8 | 1.94 (1.90, 1.98) | 7.1 | 2.31 (2.23, 2.38) | 1.9 | 2.60 (2.42, 2.78) |
| High school diploma | 356 358 (68.6) | 21.9 | 1 (Ref) | 8.1 | 1 (Ref) | 3.1 | 1 (Ref) | 0.7 | 1 (Ref) |
| Birth payment method | |||||||||
| Public | 218 643 (42.1) | 37.7 | 2.11 (2,08, 2.13) | 16.7 | 2.82 (2.76, 2.89) | 7.6 | 4.12 (3.69, 4.29) | 2.1 | 6.13 (5.61, 6.70) |
| Private | 298 178 (57.4) | 17.9 | 1 (Ref) | 5.9 | 1 (Ref) | 1.9 | 1 (Ref) | 0.3 | 1 (Ref) |
| Paternity established | |||||||||
| Missing | 37 513 (7.2) | 48.9 | 1.99 (1.96, 2.02) | 26.2 | 2.82 (2.76, 2.90) | 15.6 | 4.53 (4.37, 4.70) | 5.7 | 7.76 (7.24, 8.31) |
| Established | 481 735 (92.8) | 24.5 | 1 (Ref) | 9.3 | 1 (Ref) | 3.4 | 1 (Ref) | 0.7 | 1 (Ref) |
Note. CI = confidence interval; RR = risk ratio; TPR = termination of Parental rights. Missing values: child sex = 3 (0.00%), maternal age = 62 (0.01%), maternal race/ethnicity = 2756 (0.53%), birth payment method = 1220 (0.23%), and maternal education = 7526 (1.45%).