Table 1.

Baseline Characteristics of Adult Veterans and Non-Veterans in the United States Prior to Implementation of the Affordable Care Act, 2010–2013. (Values in table represent weighted mean (standard deviation) or weighted %)

Characteristic	Ages 18–64			Ages 65+
	Veterans (n=3823)	Non-veterans (n=82,953)	p-value	Veterans (n=2977)	Non-veterans (n=13,043)	p-value
US weighted population (per year)	10,438,407	182,423,137		9,698,518	32,970,219
Age (years)	49.8 (9.9)	40.2 (13.3)	<0.001	74.9 (5.7)	73.9 (6.2)	<0.001
Female (%)	10.4	53.2	<0.001	2.8	71.3	<0.001
Race/ethnicity (%)
Non-Hispanic White	75.0	63.0	<0.001	89.6	75.4	<0.001
Non-Hispanic Black	14.2	12.1		5.7	9.5
Hispanic	6.3	17.0		2.4	8.9
Other/multiple	4.5	7.9		2.3	6.3
Marital status (%)
Married	62.3	51.5	<0.001	67.3	51.4	<0.001
Divorced/separ./wid.	24.7	14.8		29.3	44.2
Never married	13.0	33.6		3.3	4.4
Census region (%)
Northeast	13.6	18.4	<0.001	17.4	19.6	0.04
Midwest	21.2	21.3		22.8	22.0
South	42.7	36.7		39.7	36.4
West	22.6	23.7		20.2	22.0
Employed (%)	77.8	78.2	0.73	23.3	20.8	0.07
Family income (2017 dollars)	80,175 (54,531)	78,230 (65,278)	0.22	69,724 (49,993)	60,440 (55,785)	<0.001
Family size	2.6 (1.3)	3.0 (1.6)	<0.001	1.9 (0.6)	2.0 (1.0)	0.001
Self-reported health (%)
Excellent/v. good/good	84.6	88.8	<0.001	80.5	78.3	<0.001
Fair/poor	15.2	11.1		17.6	20.6
Unknown	0.2	0.2		2.0	1.1
Primary payer (%)
Medicare	3.2	2.8	<0.001	63.8	76.5	<0.001
Medicaid	2.2	6.8		0.5	2.4
Private	51.1	56.7		17.1	16.4
VHA	10.2	0.1		12.8	0.4
Tricare	5.7	0.6		3.3	1.1
Other/unknown	2.6	2.9		1.1	1.3
Trans. unins. (1–5 mo)	6.5	6.6		0.7	0.9
Uninsured (≥ 6 mo)	18.5	23.4		0.7	1.2