Table 3.
Overall characteristics of study participants on the trauma-related factors and covariates, and the bivariate associations between these factors and the presence of one or more CR-PTSD symptoms reported at 1-month postpartum
| Characteristics | Overall n (%) | One or more CR-PTSD symptoms, n (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Overall | 3006 (100) | 225 (7.5) |
| Labor induced | ||
| Yes | 1017 (33.8) | 105 (10.3)*** |
| No | 1989 (66.2) | 120 (6.0) |
| Long labor duration (19+ hours) | ||
| Yes | 667 (22.2) | 71 (10.6)*** |
| No | 2339 (77.8) | 154 (6.6) |
| Poor pain control during labor and or delivery | ||
| Yes | 1211 (40.3) | 123 (10.2)*** |
| No | 1795 (59.7) | 102 (5.7) |
| Maternal-reported complications from delivery | ||
| Yes | 430 (14.3) | 68 (15.8)*** |
| No | 2575 (85.7) | 157 (6.1) |
| Maternal-reported Infant complications from delivery | ||
| Yes | 435 (14.5) | 56 (12.9)*** |
| No | 2571 (85.5) | 169 (6.6) |
| Maternal morbidities based on ICD-9 codes | ||
| Yes | 818 (27.2) | 77 (9.4)* |
| No | 2188 (72.8) | 148 (6.8) |
| Neonatal morbidities based on ICD-9 codes | ||
| Yes | 397 (13.2) | 47 (11.8)*** |
| No | 2609 (86.8) | 178 (6.8) |
| Mode of delivery | ||
| Spontaneous vaginal | 1876 (62.4) | 89 (4.7)*** |
| Instrumental vaginal | 267 (8.9) | 27 (10.1) |
| Planned cesarean | 160 (5.3) | 9 (5.6) |
| Unplanned cesarean | 703 (23.4) | 100 (14.2) |
| Gestational age (weeks, days) | ||
| Late preterm (34,2 −36,6) | 120 (4.0) | 8 (6.7)* |
| Early term (37,0 – 38,6) | 575 (19.1) | 43 (7.5) |
| Full term (39,0 – 40,6) | 1814 (60.3) | 121 (6.7) |
| Late term (41,0 – 41,6) | 463 (15.4) | 48 (10.4) |
| Post term (42,0 – 43,2) | 34 (1.1) | 5 (14.7) |
| Birthweight | ||
| Low (< 2500 grams) | 93 (3.1) | 11 (11.8) |
| Normal (2500–4000 grams) | 2573 (86.3) | 193 (7.5) |
| High (> 4000 grams) | 316 (10.6) | 19 (6.0) |
| Five-minute Apgar score | ||
| 1–7 | 141 (4.7) | 20 (14.2)** |
| 8–10 | 2840 (95.3) | 202 (7.1) |
| Maternal postpartum hemorrhage | ||
| Yes | 122 (4.1) | 9 (7.4) |
| No | 2884 (95.9) | 216 (7.5) |
| Maternal hospital length of stay (days) | ||
| 0–3 | 2328 (77.4) | 140 (6.0)*** |
| 4+ | 678 (22.6) | 85 (12.5) |
| Infant hospital length of stay (days) | ||
| 0–3 | 2651 (88.2) | 175 (6.6)*** |
| 4+ | 355 (11.8) | 50 (14.1) |
| Shared decision-making during delivery | ||
| Low (0–3) | 244 (8.1) | 59 (24.2)*** |
| Moderate (4–5) | 896 (29.8) | 90 (10.0) |
| High (6) | 1866 (62.1) | 76 (4.1) |
| Childbirth experience (Mean ± SD) | 68.64 ± 6.41 | 61.28 ± 8.70*** |
| Covariates | ||
| Edinburgh depression 1-month | ||
| 0–12 | 2891 (96.3) | 200 (6.9)*** |
| 13+ (probable depression) | 111 (3.7) | 25 (22.5) |
| Social support 1-month | ||
| Low (9–36) | 929 (30.9) | 102 (11.0)*** |
| Medium (37–41) | 906 (30.1) | 78 (8.6) |
| High (42–45) | 1170 (38.9) | 45 (3.8) |
| Stress 1-month | ||
| Low (12–13) | 2116 (70.4) | 107 (5.1)*** |
| Medium (14–15) | 667 (22.2) | 83 (12.4) |
| High (16+) | 222 (7.4) | 35 (15.8) |
| Breastfeeding at 1-month | ||
| Yes | 2094 (69.7) | 149 (7.1) |
| No | 912 (30.3) | 76 (8.3) |
and t-test significance levels:
*
p ≤ 0.05
**
p ≤ 0.01
***
p ≤ 0.001.