Table 2. Knowledge on antibiotic use and AMR among the veterinarians and para veterinarians.
| Characteristic | Frequency (%) | Certificate/diploma (%) | Bachelor/Masters (%) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antibiotic are prescribed for | |||||
| Virus infection | 1(0.5) | 1 (0.6) | 0 | 0.525 | |
| Bacterial infection* | 162(74.7) | 118 (74.7) | 44 (74.6) | ||
| Fungal infection | 3(1.4) | 3 (1.9) | 0 | ||
| Protozoal infection | 1(0.5) | 0 | 1 (1.7) | ||
| All the above | 50(23) | 36 (22.8) | 14 (23.7) | ||
| Antibiotics should be administered with correct dose and dosage for all type of animal species | |||||
| Yes* | 219(100) | 160 (100) | 59 (100) | ||
| No | 0 | 0 | |||
| The antibiotic treatment should be stopped once the animal stops showing signs of disease even if the course is not completed | |||||
| Yes | 6(2.8) | 4 (2.5) | 2 (3.4) | 0.631 | |
| No* | 208(95.4) | 151 (95) | 57 (96.6) | ||
| Don’t know | 4(1.8) | 4 (2.5) | 0 | ||
| Giving antibiotics to animals that are not sick will prevent it from becoming sick in the future | |||||
| Yes | 13(5.9) | 10 (6.3) | 3 (5.1) | 0.917 | |
| No* | 200(91.3) | 146 (91.3) | 54 (91.5) | ||
| Don’t know | 6(2.7) | 4 (2.5) | 2 (3.4) | ||
| If one animal in a herd is sick, all other animals in the same herd should be given antibiotics to prevent infection | |||||
| Yes | 20(9.1) | 13 (8.1) | 7 (11.9) | 0.616 | |
| No* | 197(90) | 145 (90.6) | 52 (88.1) | ||
| Don’t know | 2(0.9) | 2 (1.3) | 0 | ||
| Antibiotics should be given to promote growth in animals | |||||
| Yes | 6(2.7) | 5 (3.1) | 1 (1.7) | 0.748 | |
| No* | 208(95) | 152 (95) | 56 (94.9) | ||
| Don’t know | 5(2.3) | 3 (1.9) | 2 (3.4) | ||
| Broilers treated with antibiotics should NOT be slaughtered for meat purpose until the completion of withdrawal period of that antibiotic. | |||||
| Yes* | 212(96.8) | 154 (96.3) | 58 (98.3) | 0.816 | |
| No | 3(1.4) | 3 (1.9) | 0 | ||
| Don’t know | 4(1.8) | 3 (1.9) | 1 (1.7) | ||
| Milk and milk products from a cow treated with antibiotics can be consumed during the course of treatment | |||||
| Yes | 10(4.5) | 8 (5) | 2 (3.4) | 0.663 | |
| No* | 206(94.1) | 149 (93.1) | 57 (96.6) | ||
| Don’t know | 3(1.4) | 3 (1.9) | 0 | ||
| What is the average duration of antibiotic course in large animal? | |||||
| 1 day | 1(0.5) | 0 | 1 (1.7) | 0.214 | |
| 3 days | 32(14.8) | 24 (15.2) | 8 (13.8) | ||
| 5 days* | 132(61.1) | 91 (57.6) | 41 (70.7) | ||
| 7 days* | 37(17.1) | 31 (19.6) | 6 (10.3) | ||
| 10 days | 9(4.2) | 8 (5.1) | 1 (1.7) | ||
| Don’t know | 5(2.3) | 4 (2.5) | 1 (1.7) | ||
| What is the average duration of antibiotic course in poultry birds? | |||||
| 1 day | 5(2.3) | 5 (3.2) | 0 | ||
| 3 days | 72(33.2) | 52 (32.9) | 20 (33.9) | 0.177 | |
| 5 days* | 73(33.6) | 53 (33.5) | 20 (33.9) | ||
| 7 days* | 34(15.7) | 20 (12.7) | 14 (23.7) | ||
| 10 days | 1(0.5) | 1 (0.6) | 0 | ||
| Don’t know | 32(14.8) | 27 (17.1) | 5 (8.5) | ||
| Any bacteria will become resistant once it is exposed to an antibiotic | |||||
| Yes* | 122(56) | 93 (58.5) | 29 (49.2) | 0.353 | |
| No | 80(36.7) | 56 (35.2) | 24 (40.7) | ||
| Don’t know | 16(7.3) | 10 (6.3) | 6 (10.2) | ||
| An animal infected with resistant bacteria will be difficult to treat. | |||||
| Yes* | 209(95.4) | 151 (94.4) | 58 (98.3) | 0.32 | |
| No | 6(2.7) | 6 (3.8) | 0 | ||
| Don’t know | 4(1.8) | 3 (1.9) | 1 (1.7) | ||
| A resistant bacterium can be spread between animals and also to humans | |||||
| Yes* | 127(58) | 80 (50) | 47 (79.7) | <0.001** | |
| No | 48(21.9) | 43 (26.9) | 5 (8.5) | ||
| Don’t know | 44(20.1) | 37 (23.1) | 7 (11.9) | ||
| Practicing good animal hygiene will prevent development of AMR | |||||
| Yes* | 119(54.3) | 88 (55) | 31 (52.5) | 0.83 | |
| No | 86(39.3) | 61 (38.1) | 25 (42.4) | ||
| Don’t know | 14(6.4) | 11 (6.9) | 3 (5.1) | ||
| A cow with a recurrent mastitis is brought to your clinics. The cow was previously treated with penicillin intramammary infusion. What antibiotics will you prescribe now? | |||||
| Penicillin intramammary infusion | 29(13.4) | 24 (15.1) | 5 (8.6) | 0.188 | |
| Gentamicin injection | 53(24.4) | 36 (22.6) | 17 (29.3) | ||
| Cefoperazone intramammary | 49(22.6) | 39 (24.5) | 10 (17.2) | ||
| Conduct AST on milk samples* | 77(35.5) | 52 (32.7) | 25 (43.1) | ||
| No need for antibiotics | 9(4.2) | 8 (5) | 1 (1.7) | ||
| Three birds in a flock of 500 showed signs of greenish diarrhoea. The birds are eating normal and active. What antibiotics will you prescribe? | |||||
| Tetracycline for all the birds | 103(47.5) | 78 (49.1) | 25 (43.1) | 0.123 | |
| Tetracycline for the three sick birds | 41(18.9) | 30 (18.9) | 11 (19) | ||
| Sulphadiazine for all the birds | 28(12.9) | 23 (14.5) | 5 (8.6) | ||
| Sulphadiazine for the three sick birds | 20(9.2) | 15 (9.4) | 5 (8.6) | ||
| No need for any antibiotics* | 25(11.5) | 13 (8.2) | 12 (20.7) | ||
| An owner complaint of his bull having fever and inappetence for three days. There is salivation but mucus membranes are pale pink. What antibiotic will you prescribe? | |||||
| Oxytetracycline | 75(34.4) | 59 (37.1) | 16 (27.1) | 0.618 | |
| Amoxycillin | 16(7.3) | 10 (6.3) | 6 (10.2) | ||
| Gentamicin | 6(2.8) | 5 (3.1) | 1 (1.7) | ||
| Sulphadimidine and trimethoprim combination | 36(16.5) | 27 (17) | 9 (15.3) | ||
| Streptopenicillin. | 13(6) | 9 (5.7) | 4 (6.8) | ||
| No need any antibiotics* | 72(33) | 49 (30.8) | 23 (39) | ||
Note: the answers marked as (*) are the correct answers; others are incorrect/wrong answers. (**) indicates chi square test.