Table 3. The association between the Taiwanese Eating Approach score and mortality (all causes, cancer, and cardiovascular mortality) among young adults (n = 2475).
Model 1: adjusted for age and sex. Model 2: adjusted for age, sex, exercise, smoking, drinking, and education. Model 3: adjusted for age, sex, exercise, smoking, drinking, education, obesity, and number of self-reported diseases. Model 4: adjusted for age, sex, exercise, smoking, drinking, education, obesity, number of self-reported diseases, systolic BP, diastolic BP, triglycerides, HDL-C, LDL-C, sugar intake (times/week), and belt-nuts (times/week). Model 5: all independent variables included in model 4 among those without a history of cancer at baseline (n = 2458).
| Diet group | Hazard ratio for Per units | Taiwanese Eating Approach | p-value for trend | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poor (N = 726) (TEA:-2~+2) | Average (N = 1088) (TEA:3~4) | Healthy (N = 661) (TEA≥5) | |||
| Mortality* | |||||
| All-cause | 0.81 (0.76–0.85) | 13.9 | 8.3 | 6.1 | < .001† |
| CVD death | 0.81(0.73–0.91) | 4.1 | 2.6 | 1.5 | < .001† |
| Cancer death | 0.84 (0.76–0.93) | 3.8 | 2.8 | 2.3 | 0.031 |
| Other-cause | 0.77 (0.70–0.85) | 6.0 | 3.0 | 2.3 | < .001† |
| Model 1 | |||||
| All-cause | 0.85 (0.80–0.90) | 1.0 (REF) | 0.67 (0.54–0.84) | 0.54 (0.41–0.72) | < .001† |
| CVD death | 0.87 (0.78–0.97) | 1.0 (REF) | 0.72 (0.48–1.07) | 0.48 (0.27–0.84) | 0.007† |
| Cancer death | 0.90 (0.81–0.998) | 1.0 (REF) | 0.85 (0.57–1.28) | 0.80 (0.49–1.30) | 0.341 |
| Other-cause | 0.79 (0.72–0.87) | 1.0 (REF) | 0.54 (0.38–0.77) | 0.43 (0.28–0.68) | < .001† |
| Model 2 | |||||
| All-cause | 0.87 (0.81–0.92) | 1.0 (REF) | 0.70 (0.56–0.87) | 0.60 (0.45–0.81) | < .001† |
| CVD death | 0.88 (0.78–0.98) | 1.0 (REF) | 0.73 (0.49–1.10) | 0.51 (0.29–0.89) | 0.014 |
| Cancer death | 0.90 (0.81–1.01) | 1.0 (REF) | 0.86 (0.57–1.29) | 0.84 (0.51–1.38) | 0.440 |
| Other-cause | 0.83 (0.75–0.91) | 1.0 (REF) | 0.58 (0.41–0.83) | 0.53 (0.34–0.84) | 0.002† |
| Model 3 | |||||
| All-cause | 0.87 (0.82–0.92) | 1.0 (REF) | 0.67 (0.54–0.84) | 0.60 (0.45–0.80) | < .001† |
| CVD death | 0.88 (0.79–0.99) | 1.0 (REF) | 0.68 (0.45–1.03) | 0.50 (0.28–0.88) | 0.009† |
| Cancer death | 0.90 (0.81–1.01) | 1.0 (REF) | 0.85 (0.56–1.27) | 0.83 (0.51–1.37) | 0.428 |
| Other-cause | 0.83 (0.75–0.92) | 1.0 (REF) | 0.57 (0.40–0.81) | 0.53 (0.34–0.84) | 0.002† |
| Model 4 | |||||
| All-cause | 0.88 (0.82–0.94) | 1.0 (REF) | 0.67 (0.53–0.86) | 0.62 (0.46–0.85) | < .001† |
| CVD death | 0.88 (0.78–0.99) | 1.0 (REF) | 0.68 (0.44–1.06) | 0.48 (0.26–0.88) | 0.012† |
| Cancer death | 0.92 (0.82–1.03) | 1.0 (REF) | 0.82 (0.52–1.28) | 0.90 (0.53–1.52) | 0.616 |
| Other-cause | 0.85 (0.76–0.94) | 1.0 (REF) | 0.57 (0.39–0.84) | 0.56 (0.34–0.90) | 0.005 |
| Model 5 | |||||
| All-cause | 0.88 (0.82–0.94) | 1.0 (REF) | 0.69 (0.54~0.89) | 0.64 (0.47~0.87) | < .001† |
| CVD death | 0.88 (0.78~0.998) | 1.0 (REF) | 0.72 (0.46~1.13) | 0.52 (0.28~0.95) | 0.046 |
| Cancer death | 0.92 (0.82~1.04) | 1.0 (REF) | 0.87 (0.55~1.37) | 0.92 (0.54~1.57) | 0.178 |
| Other-cause | 0.85 (0.76~0.94) | 1.0 (REF) | 0.57 (0.39~0.84) | 0.56 (0.34~0.91) | 0.002† |
*: Mortality, (1/1000 PY)
†: significance criterion (p-value = 0.0125 = 0.052/4) for multiple comparisons.
The trend associations of food consumption for the three Taiwanese Eating Approach (TEA) score groups were evaluated by general linear regression with ordinal TEA as an independent variable.