Table 1.

Features of various 3D bioprinting methods

Method	Cell density	Cost	Resolution	Speed	Cell viability
Inkjet	<106 cells/mL [5]	Low [5]	1–300 picoliter droplets, 50 um wide [5]	1–10,000 droplets per second [5]	~85% [23]
Extrusion	High (Cell spheroids) [24]	Moderate [24]	100 um [46]	Slow [24]	40–80% [24]
Laser-assisted	<108 cells/mL [5]	High [5]	10–50 um [46]	Medium (200–1600 mm/s) [5]	>95% [23]
Stereolithography	25 × 106 cells/mL [27]	Low [24]	5 um [26]	15 mm/s [26]	>95% [27]
Scaffold-free	Variable due to adjustable spheroid size [47]	Low (cell-suspension) to High (cell sheet) [30]	Low [30]	Medium to Long [30]	Low (cell-suspension) to High (cell sheet) [30]