Figure 5: Effects of carvedilol and R-carvedilol on the development of UV-induced skin tumors in SKH-1 mice.

Mice were pre-treated with 10 µM carvedilol (CAR), R-CAR or acetone for two weeks. The mice were then exposed to gradual doses of UV up to 150 mJ/cm² three times per week, and drug treatments were given 30 minutes before each irradiation. (A) Tumor incidence is graphed as a Kaplan-Meier curve and analyzed via a Mantel-Cox log-rank test. The number of tumors per mouse (B) and average tumor volume per mouse (C) are plotted and analyzed via a chi-square analysis to assess statistical differences at p < 0.05 (*). n = 5 for control; n=9 for other groups. (D) Representative photographs of mice from the UV treated and UV treated plus R-CAR groups panel.