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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Mar 31.
Published in final edited form as: Am J Nephrol. 2021 Mar 31;52(3):217–227. doi: 10.1159/000514233

Table 2.

Associations between PM2.5 and all-cause mortality among older (aged≥65) patients initiating dialysis (N=384,276).

HR (95%CI) p for slope difference
PM2.5≤12μg/m3 PM2.5>12μg/m3
Unadjusted 1.03 (1.01–1.06) 1.21 (1.11–1.33) 0.002
Model1a: Demographic adjusted 1.03 (1.01–1.05) 1.26 (1.17–1.36) <0.001
Model2b: Model1+ ZIP code factors 1.05 (1.02–1.07) 1.23 (1.14–1.32) <0.001
Model3c: Model2+ health-related factors 1.01 (0.99–1.03) 1.16 (1.08–1.25) 0.001

HR: Hazard Ratio for mortality per 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5; p for slope difference indicated the p effect difference of per 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 between areas with PM2.5≤12 and areas with PM2.5>12

a

Model1 adjusted for demographics (age, sex, race)

b

Model2 adjusted for demographics + ZIP-code level characteristics (percent below 200% of the federal poverty line, mean years of education, median household income, median housing cost per month, percent Black, percent Hispanics, population density and urbanicity)

c

Model3 adjusted for demographics + ZIP-code level characteristics + health-related factors (cause of kidney failure, smoking status, BMI and nephrology care status)