Table 1.
Common FPIES food triggers-selected studies.
| Reference | Country | Study design | Number of patients |
Ages of patients | Food triggers | Number of food triggers |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mehr et al, 200927 | Australia | Retrospective, single center | 35 | Children | Rice-40% Soy-34% Cow’s milk-20% Oat-6% Sweet potato-6% |
1 food-83% 2 foods-17% Range 1-2 foods |
| Mehr et al, 201726 | Australia | Retrospective, multi-center | 230 | Children | Any grain-52% Rice-45% Cow’s milk-33% Egg-12% Any meat-10% Any fruit-10% Oat-9% Any vegetable-8% Chicken-8% Soy-5% Fish-5% |
1 food-68% 2 foods-20% 3 foods-7% ≥4 foods-6% Range 1-≥4 foods |
| Tan et al, 201421 | Australia | Retrospective, single center | 31 | Adults | Crustacean-26% Mollusk-16% Egg-16% Fish-10% |
1 food-84% 2 foods-13% 3 foods-3% Range 1-3 foods |
| Du et al, 201820 | Canada | Retrospective, single center | 20 | Adults | Shellfish-65% Cow’s milk-20% Wheat-20% Egg-15% |
Did not evaluate |
| Xepapadaki et al, 201933 | Greece | Retrospective, single center | 72 | Children | Cow’s milk-46% Fish-35% Rice-10% Egg-7% |
Did not evaluate |
| Sopo et al, 201231 | Italy | Retrospective, multicenter | 66 | Children | Cow’s milk-65% Fish-12% Egg-6% |
1 food-85% 2 foods-14% 3 foods-1% Range 1-3 foods |
| Vazquez-Ortiz et al, 201732 | Spain | Retrospective, single center | 81 | Children | Fish-54% Cow’s milk-26% Egg-10% Rice-7% |
1 food-99% 2 foods-0% 3 foods-1% Range 1-3 foods |
| Alonso, et al, 201923 | Spain | Prospective, single center | 8 | Children | Cow’s milk-50% Fish-38% Egg-13% |
1 food-100% |
| Diaz et al, 201913 | Spain | Retrospective, multicenter | 120 | Children | Cow’s milk-37% Fish-33% Egg-11% Rice-10% |
1 food-84% ≥2 foods-16% Range 1-8 foods |
| Ludman et al, 201425 | UK | Retrospective, single center | 54 | Children | Cow’s milk-46% Fish-15% Egg-13% Soy-11% Wheat-11% Chicken-7% Banana-6% Oat-6% |
1 food-70% ≥2 foods-30% Range 1-≥2 foods |
| Sicherer et al, 199830 | USA | Retrospective, single center | 20 | Children | Soy-65% Cow’s milk-60% Rice-5% Pea-5% Turkey-5% Chicken-5% |
1 food-45% 2 foods-55% Range 1-2 foods |
| Fogg et al, 200624 | USA | Retrospective, single center | 19 | Children | Cow’s milk-68% Soy-63% Rice-16% Oat-16% Wheat-5% Egg-5% |
1 food-42% 2 foods-47% 3 foods-5% 4 foods-5% Range 1-4 foods |
| Nowak-Wegrzyn et al, 200328 | USA | Retrospective, single center | 44 | Children | Cow’s milk-66% Soy-54% Rice-23% Oat-20% |
1 food-48% 2 foods-32% 3 foods-7% 4 foods-2% 5 foods-2% 6 foods-2% 7 foods-2% Range 1-7 foods |
| Ruffner et al, 201329 | USA | Retrospective, single center | 462 | Children | Cow’s milk-67% Soy-41% Rice-19% Oat-16% Wheat-10% Egg-11% Any vegetable-11% Corn-8% Any fruit-8% Any meat and/or fish-6% |
1-2 foods-70% 3-6 foods-25% ≥7 foods-5% Range 1-≥7 foods |
| Caubet et al, 20149 | USA | Mixed prospective and retrospective, single center | 160 | Children and adults | Cow’s milk-44% Any grain-44% Soy-41% Rice-23% Oat-16% Fish and/or shellfish-7% |
1 food-65% 2 foods-26% ≥3 foods-9% Range 1-10 foods |
| Maciag et al, 202010 | USA and multinational (did not specify other countries) | Retrospective, multicenter | 441 | Children | Any grain-60% Cow’s milk-53% Any vegetable-43% Any fruit-38% Soy-37% Oat-37% Rice-34% Egg-23% Any meat-18% Sweet potato-17% Wheat-16% Avocado-13% Peanut-12% Any poultry-12% Banana-12% Peas-9% Fish-9% Beef-9% Any tree nut-8% Apple-8% Corn-7% Chicken-7% Squash-6% Shellfish-6% White potato-5% |
1 food group-31% 2 food groups-17% 3 food groups-17% 4 food groups-12% 5 food groups-7% 6 food groups-6% ≥7 food groups-10% Range 1-13 food groups |
Food triggers are listed in descending order. Only foods reported avoided by ≥5% of the subjects within each study are reported.