Table 2.
Summary of risk factors and associated organisms of infectious keratitis in the literature published between 2010 and 2020, categorised into six distinct regions. Only studies that reported more than 200 cases are included.
| Year | Authors | Study period | Region | Patients | Age, years (Mean ± SD) | Female, % | Risk factors (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UK and Europe | |||||||
| 2013 | Dethorey et al. [93] | 2005–2011 | France | 268 | 45 | 50.4 | CL (48.1), OSD (33.7), POS (17.5) |
| 2018 | Ferreira et al. [48] | 2007–2015 | Portugal | 235 | 50.0 ± 20.7 | 55.1 | CL (28.9), trauma (28.9), DM (13) |
| 2020 | Sagerfors et al. [95] | 2004–2014 | Sweden | 398 | 49.5 | 57 | CL (45.5), OSD (9.8), corneal transplant (9.5) |
| North America | |||||||
| 2010 | Jeng et al. [18] | 1998–1999 | US | 302 | 42.8 | 57.3 | CL (55), OSD (19.2), trauma (11.9) |
| 2011 | Keay et al. [44] | 2001–2007 | US | 733 | 47.9 | 46.8 | CL (36.6), OSD (28.5), trauma (24.6) |
| 2013 | French et al. [96]# | 2010 | US | 2124 | 39.2 | 53.5 | Scleral ectasia (4.8), CL (4.8), corneal abrasion (3.1) |
| 2015 | Truong et al. [97] | 2009–2014 | US | 318 | 42.9 | 40.3 | CL (41), OSD (28), trauma (17), topical steroid (4) |
| South America | |||||||
| 2011 | Cariello et al. [29] | 1975–2007 | Brazil | 16742 | 42.1 ± 21.4 | 40 | POS (22.4), CL (12.8), trauma (16.4), topical steroid (6.6) |
| 2016 | Yu et al. [32] | 1975–2010 | Brazil | 859 | – | 42.1 | Topical medication (30.6), Trauma (24), POS (24), CL (13) |
| Asia | |||||||
| 2011 | Kumar et al. [62] | 2003–2005 | India | 200 | – | 39 | Trauma (78.5), OSD (12) |
| 2011 | Ganguly et al. [49] | 2006–2007 | Nepal | 1880 | – | 40.7 | Trauma (58), topical steroid (12), OSD (6), CL (5) |
| 2012 | Dhakhwa et al. [98] | 2007 | Nepal | 414 | – | 42.8 | Farmers (75.4), trauma (33.3), topical steroid (4.1) |
| 2012 | Hussain et al. [99] | 2007–2009 | Pakistan | 228 | 42.8 ± 21.9 | 35.1 | Trauma (31.5), POS (8.8), topical steroid (6.6) |
| 2012 | Deorukhkar et al. [100] | 2004–2009 | India | 852 | – | 31.7 | Trauma (60.2), FB (15.6), POS (9.5) |
| 2013 | Kaliamurthy et al. [35] | 2005–2012 | India | 2170 | 45.7 ± 16.6 | 41.3 | Trauma (64.0), traditional eye medicine (16.9) |
| 2015 | Sitoula et al. [101] | 2011 | Nepal | 1644 | 44 ± 16 | 42 | Trauma (60), dacryocystitis (5) |
| 2016 | Pan et al. [58] | 2003–2012 | China | 578 | 52.4 | 25.4 | Trauma (54.7), URTI (11.9), DM (8) |
| 2018 | Khor et al. [13] | 2012–2014 | Asia | 6563 | 46.0 | 39.2 | Trauma (34.7), CL (10.7), POS (6.8), OSD (4.2) |
| 2018 | Chidambaram et al. [45] | 2012–2013 | India | 252 | 50 | 36 | Trauma (71.8), traditional eye medicine (19.0) topical steroid (9.9), DM (6.7) |
| 2018 | Al-Ghafri et al. [50] | 2013–2016 | Oman | 304 | 52.2 ± 23.2 | 56.2 | Blepharitis (54.3), trachoma (26.0), Other lid diseases (18.1), CL (17.1), Climate droplet keratopathy (15.5) |
| 2018 | Gautam et al. [61] | 2016 | Nepal | 259 | 44.9 | 54.4 | Trauma vegetative material (48), topical steroid (9) |
| 2019 | Tong et al. [46] | 2012–2016 | Singapore | 377 | 33.6 ± 17.2 | 53.5 | CL (64.3), OSD (10), trauma (3.9) |
| 2020 | Khor et al. [94] | 2010–2016 | Malaysia | 221 | 39.5 | 41.2 | Trauma (49.3), CL (23.1), OSD (5.9) |
| Africa and Middle East | |||||||
| 2013 | Oladigbolu et al. [59] | 1995–2005 | Nigeria | 228 | – | 43.4 | Trauma (51.3), traditional eye medication (17.1), topical steroid (5.7) |
| 2014 | Mandour et al. [51] | 2010–2013 | Egypt | 340 | – | 41.2 | Trauma (50), POS (14.7), topical steroid (11.8) |
| 2018 | Zbiba et al. [60] | 2011–2016 | Tunisia | 230 | – | 40 | OSD (58.7), Trauma (51.3), DM (16), topical steroid (10.9), CL (9.5) |
| Australasia | |||||||
| 2020 | Khoo et al. [11] | 2012–2016 | Australia | 979 | 54.7 ± 21.5 | 48.3 | CL (63), topical steroid (24), OSD (18) |
CL contact lens wear, POS previous ocular surgery, OSD ocular surface diseases, FB foreign bodies, DM diabetes, URTI upper respiratory tract infection.
#The data were based on patients presented to general emergency department; therefore, risk factors might not be accurately documented.