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. 2021 Apr 14;53(4):517–527. doi: 10.1038/s12276-021-00590-2

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Core apoptotic machinery in C. elegans and in mammals that drives caspase activation is shown. In mammals, there are two main apoptosis pathways. In the intrinsic pathway, various cellular insults result in MOMP and cytochrome c release from mitochondria, which drives apoptosome-dependent caspase-3 activation. In the extrinsic pathway, TNF family members activate caspase-8 via DISC. Activated caspase-8 and caspase-9 mediate the processing and activation of effector caspases, of which caspase-3 is the most prominent. The figure was created with BioRender.com.