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. 2021 May 6;11:9733. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-89124-4

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Activity of l-PEI/DNA nanoparticles in a B16F10 syngeneic, metastatic model of cancer in the lungs in C57BL/6 mice represented by a Kaplan Meier survival plot. Mice were inoculated intravenously via the tail vein with B16F10-Red-FLuc murine melanoma cells and treated with nanoparticles at 3-d intervals, beginning at Day 5 (post tumor cell inoculation) as indicated by the arrows above the plot. Nanoparticle formulations of plasmids PEG-mIL12 (green line, filled upturned triangle), PEG-TK-mIL12, PEG-mIL2-mIL12, PEG-TK-mIL2-mIL12 significantly extended survival (p ≤ 0.01, Log-rank test) of the mice compared to vehicle control and PEG-lucia (p ≤ 0.01, Log-rank test) (A). PEG-lucia also significantly extended survival in this study compared to the vehicle control (p ≤ 0.05, Log-rank test). Plot of the mean in vivo luminescence signal ± SEM (Total Flux (p/s)) in the lungs of C57BL/6 mice at 12 d after inoculation of B16F10-Red-FLuc cells showed a significant reduction in signal between PEG-mIL2-mIL12 and the vehicle control group, and PEG-TK-mIL2-mIL12 and the vehicle control group (p ≤ 0.05, Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test) (B).