Table 2.

Group, sex and group-by-sex effects in recreational cannabis users (n = 49), dependent cannabis users (n = 59) and controls (n = 98) from the three-site subsample with data for cannabis dependence status.

		Group									Sex						Site§
		(dependent CB vs recreational CB)			(dependent CB vs HC)			(recreational CB vs HC)			(Males vs Females)			Group-by-Sex
		β	(95% CI)	p	β	(95% CI)	p	β	(95% CI)	p	β	95% CI	p	β (95% CI)	(95% CI)	p	Var
Brain volumes (mm3)
Amygdala	L	16.37	−115.85, 148.70	0.808	−197.83	−244.61, 48.95	0.191	−114.20	−245.18, 16.77	0.087	99.66	4.72, 194.60	0.040*	−38.36	−174.89, 98.16	0.582	0.58
	R	−25.05	−150.76, 100.66	0.696	13.76	−125.67, 153.20	0.847	38.82	−85.61, 163.24	0.541	172.80	83.40, 262.20	<001***	−58.37	−188.06, 71.32	0.378	0.58
Hippocampus	L	453.77	−221.38, 328.91	0.702	−31.70	−337.34, 273.94	0.839	−85.47	−356.62, 185.69	0.537	53.82	−135.67, 243.30	0.578	−11.52	−295.88, 272.86	0.937	0.03
	R	−133.11	−386.45, 120.22	0.303	−63.80	−345.06, 217.47	0.657	69.15	−180.80, 319.43	0.587	118.58	−58.27, 295.44	0.189	0.15	−261.81, 261.49	0.999	0.06
NAcc	L	−74.85	−149.74, 0.04	0.051	−41.69	−124.76, 41.37	0.325	33.15	−40.97, 107.29	0.236	35.57	−17.88, 89.03	0.192	13.75	−63.51, 91.01	0.727	0.65
	R	−51.93	−113.33, 9.47	0.097	−18.71	−86.83, 49.39	0.590	33.21	−27.58, −94.00	0.284	21.85	−21.95, 65.65	0.328	−14.87	−78.22, 48.47	0.380	0.88
Insula	L	−290.49	−688.94, 107.96	0.153	−169.37	−611.45, 272.70	0.453	121.12	−273.01, 515.24	0.547	90.08	−192.79, 372.96	0.533	172.93	−238.28, 584.13	0.410	0.21
	R	−204.12	−60.63, 195.39	0.317	−313.38	−756.88, 130.13	0.166	−109.25	−341.65, 218.83	0.587	−64.29	−343.62, 215.03	0.652	318.70	−93.88, 731.29	0.130	0.07
OFC
lateral	L	−429.13	−900.90, −42.62	0.075	−201.77	−725.12, 321.57	0.450	227.36	−725.12, 321.57	0.340	173.94	−161.72, 509.60	0.310	462.21	−24.58, 949.01	0.063	0.32
	R	−564.93	−1058.51, −71.35	0.025*a	−702.11	−1249.80, −153.41	0.012*b	−137.17	−625.22, 350.87	0.582	−3.27	−351.64, 345.11	0.985	575.33	65.87, 1084.78	0.027*c	0.15
medial	L	−201.33	−549.49, 146.84	0.257	−182.06	−568.43, 204.31	0.356	19.26	−324.91, 363.44	0.913	23.27	−222.03, 268.57	0.853	127.42	−231.99, 486.82	0.487	0.13
	R	−215.47	−561.45, 130.51	0.222	−278.42	−662.29, −105.44	0.155	−62.95	−405.18, 279.28	0.496	76.62	−171.78, 319.02	0.557	184.60	−172.46, 541.65	0.311	0.21
ACC
rostral	L	−233.80	−543.58, 75.98	0.139	−203.63	−492.21, 84.95	0.167	30.16	−247.86, 308.19	0.832	4.84	−218.22, 227.89	0.966	−78.23	−403.14, 246.68	0.637	0.25
	R	−89.39	−371.23, 192.45	0.547	−126.39	−389.15, 136.36	0.346	−37.01	−290.17, 216.15	0.774	47.72	−153.80, 249.25	0.643	−43.38	−339.29, 252.53	0.774	0.10
caudal	L	−208.86	−508.63, 90.91	0.172	−274.13	−555.09, 6.83	0.056	−65.27	−336.19, 205.65	0.637	−265.70	−469.06, −62.357	0.010*	224.09	−93.02, 541.19	0.166	0.00
	R	−5.77	−343.00, 331.46	0.973	−55.018	−369.24, 259.21	0.731	−49.25	−351.98, 253.49	0.750	172.43	−69.87, 414.73	0.163	−158.59	−512.40, 195.23	0.380	0.18
medial	L	−201.33	−549.49, 146.84	0.257	−182.06	−568.43, 204.31	0.356	19.26	−324.91, 363.44	0.913	23.27	−222.03, 268.57	0.853	127.42	−231.99, 486.82	0.487	0.13
	R	−215.47	−561.45, 130.51	0.222	−278.42	−662.29, −105.44	0.155	−62.95	−405.18, 279.28	0.496	73.62	−171.78, 319.02	0.557	184.60	−172.46, 541.65	0.311	0.21
Cerebellum
GM	L	−738.06	−3934.90, 2458.37	0.651	−2.26	−3534.43, 3547.96	0.999	740.32	−2423.29, 3903.93	0.646	3461.28	1189.26, 5733.30	0.003**	1676.65	−1621.32, 4974.63	0.319	0.47
	R	−1216.89	−4765.03, 2331.20	0.501	−261.34	−3674.48, 4197.17	0.896	1478.23	−2033.54, 4990.01	0.409	3110.34	584.19, 5636.49	0.016*	2009.77	−1651.08, 5670.61	0.282	0.48
WM	L	−1141.32	−2285.33, −2.70	0.051	−1193.07	−2462.19, 76.06	0.065	−51.74	−1183.74, 1080.25	0.929	−377.17	−1188.80 434.47	0.362	1507.86	327.38, 2688.33	0.012*d	0.32
	R	−1269.72	−2495.49, −43.93	0.042*e	−1564.76	−2924.55, −204.97	0.024*f	−295.05	−1508.04, 917.95	0.634	−136.99	−1007.92, 733.94	0.758	1786.54	521.74, 3051.34	0.006**g	0.36

ACC anterior cingulate cortex; β beta, CB cannabis users, CI confidence interval, GM grey matter, L left, HC controls, OFC orbitofrontal cortex, R right, Var variation, WM white matter. ^§Site level variation based on intraclass correlation (ICC).

*p(unc) <0.05, **p(unc) <0.01, ***p(unc) <0.001.

^ad = −0.10.

^bd = −0.17.

^cFemale dependent CB < female recreational CB (β = −564.93, p = .025, d = −0.52), female HC (β = −702.11, p = .012, d = −0.55), male dependent CB (β = −574.76, p = .010, d = −0.41), male recreational CB (β = −527.65, p = .022, d = −0.45) and male HC (β = 701.54, p = .010, d = −0.43).

^dFemale dependent CB < male dependent CB (β = −1136.554, p = .028, d = −0.26) and male recreational CB (β = −1652.85, p = .002, d = −0.45);

^ed = −12.

^fd = −0.09;

^gFemale dependent CB < female recreational CB (β = −1269.72, p = 0.042, d = −0.36), female HC (β = −1564.76, p = 0.024, d = −0.34), male dependent CB (β = −1620.06, p = 0.004, d = −0.32), male recreational CB (β = −2029.51, p < 0.001, d = −0.48) and male HC (β = −1398.28, p = 0.039, d = −0.23).