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. 2021 May 6;11:9727. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-88104-y

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Schematic diagram of a proposed metabolic pathway using plasma metabolites derived from metabolite and lipid profiling of experimental groups including diabetic macular edema (DME) and non-DME subjects. Metabolites labelled with blue characters indicate that relative metabolite levels were lower in DME cases than in non-DME subjects. Metabolites labelled with red characters indicate that relative metabolite levels were higher in DME cases than in non-DME patients. Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences in levels of metabolites distinguishing DME and non-DME individuals (p < 0.05). The metabolic pathway was

modified from the reported Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway (KEGG, http://www.genome.jp/kegg/).