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. 2021 May 6;11:9683. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-89239-8

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Macroscopic comparison of the inhibitory effects of cultured MSCs versus thawed cryopreserved MSCs on OA progression in both knees of the same rat. (A) Scheme: rat OA models were treated with cultured MSCs and thawed cryopreserved MSCs. Cultured MSCs were injected into one knee and thawed MSCs were injected into the contralateral knee every week 2 weeks after the surgery. The knee cartilage was assessed by comparing the left and right knees of the same rat at 8 weeks. (B) Macroscopic images of the medial tibial and femoral condyles stained with India ink. All images are shown with gross finding scores. White arrowhead indicates fibrillation and yellow arrowhead indicates cartilage erosion. The images in the cultured cell and thawed cell groups are inverted horizontally for ease of comparison. Images are arranged in the order of the worst gross finding scores on the cultured side. PM, posteromedial; AM, anteromedial. (C) Gross finding score. NS, not significant by Wilcoxon's signed rank test (n = 9).