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. 2021 May 6;11:9649. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-89084-9

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Expression changes of all miRNAs detected in adult and infantile-onset of epileptogenesis. The volcano plots display changes in miRNA expression after SE induced in adulthood (a) and infancy (b). Scattered points represent individual miRNAs identified by DESeq2. The x-axis specifies the log2 fold-changes (log2(FC)), and the y-axis specifies the negative logarithm to the base 10 of the p-values. Green vertical and horizontal dashed lines reflect the filtering criteria (log2(FC) = ± 0.48 and p-value = 0.05). log2(FC) > + 0.48 indicates miRNA levels increased by > 1.4 times in SE-treated rats, whereas log2(FC) < − 0.48 indicates miRNA levels reduced by > 1.4 times in SE-treated rats. miRNAs significantly dysregulated in the acute stage of epilepsy are depicted by red circle points. miRNAs dysregulated in the latent stage are represented as blue square points, and in the chronic stage, they are represented as green triangle points. Non-significant miRNAs are depicted in black. Ten miRNAs with the highest fold-change difference between SE and control animals in adult and infantile-onset group respectively are labeled.