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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Transl Stroke Res. 2020 Nov 7;12(5):742–753. doi: 10.1007/s12975-020-00868-z

Fig. 1:

Fig. 1:

A diagram of ischemic tissue injury cascades following acute stroke. Note that the glucose metabolism, lactate, and pH changes occur before infarction, suggesting that such indices are biomarkers for defining ischemic penumbra (Markus HS. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004;75(3):353–61).