Table 5.
Biomaterials from marine organisms applied in 3D bioprinting.
| Biomaterials | Marine Sources | Tested cell types | Cell density and viability | Advantages(A) and disadvantages (DA) | Application | 3D bioprinting method | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alginate | Brown algae | Mesenchymal stem cells | 85.0 ± 5.9% | A: Spatially varying mechanical microenvironment extrusion printing | Bone tissue engineering | Extrusion printing | [340] |
| Alginate | Brown algae | Human mesenchymal stem cells | 84% ± 0.7% | A: Excellent scaffold fidelity and mechanical properties (higher alginate concentration); Excellent cell viability and cell spreading morphology (lower alginate concentration) |
Bone tissue engineering | Extrusion printing | [332] |
| Silk-like protein (aneroin) | Sea anemone | Mouse pre-osteoblasts, rat myoblasts, mouse fibroblasts, and rat-derived mesenchymal stem cells | 99% | A: Accurate printability, structural integrity, and biocompatibility | Cartilage or skeletal tissue regeneration | Extrusion printing | [341] |
| Gelatin | Cold water fish | NIH3T3 cells | Over 80% | A: Inexpensive, high emulsion stability DA: low viscosity and rapid polymerization |
Drug delivery | Extrusion printing | [342,343] |
| κ-carrageenan-gelatin hydrogel | Carrageen | C2C12 cells | Over 90% | A: Excellent structural stability and cell viability. | Biological binder for tissue scaffolds | Extrusion printing | [344] |
| Chitosan | Crab shell | Mouse pre-osteoblast cells | Over 90% | A: Good viscoelastic properties, stable under physiological conditions, proper viscosity values. | Bone tissue engineering | Extrusion printing | [345] |
| Carrageenan | Red algae | Mesenchymal stem cells | Dead cells were negligible | A: Excellent structural strength, cyto-compatible and non-toxic. | Tissue engineering and regeneration | Extrusion printing | [346] |