Table 1.
Studies with a focus on LIB production published after 2010
Year | Author | Cell Type | Cell Voltage [V] | Cell Capacity [Ah] | Specific Energy [Wh/kg] | Single Cell Weight [kg] | Active Material Cathode | Active Material Anode | Solvent | FU | Energy Demand [kWh] | Dry Room | Scale | Data Source p = Primary; s = Secondary | LCA Related |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2019 | Dai et al. | Prismatic | n/a | 46 | 197 (cell) | 0.8555a | NMC111 | Graphite | NMP | per kWh cell | 47b | Yes | Industrial | p and s from industry partner | Yes |
2019a | Thomitzek et al. | n/a | 33 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | NMP | per kWh cell | 744.6 | Yes | Pilot | p from own facility | No | |
2019b | Thomitzek et al. | n/a | 33.3 | 121.53a (cell) | 0.274 | NMC622 | Graphite | NMP | per kWh cell | 1150 | Yes | Pilot | p from own facility | No | |
2017 | Pettinger and Dong | n/a | 3.7 | 20.5 | 200 (battery) | 0.45 | n/a | n/a | NMP | per cell | 3.306 | No | Industrial | p from industry partner | No |
2017 | Yuan et al. | Pouch | 3.85 | 32 | 141.94a (cell) | 0.868 | LMO | Graphite | NMP | per cell | 13.28 | Yes | Industrial Pilot | p measured from pilot scale industry partner | No |
2016 | Kim et al. | Pouch | 3.7 | n/a | 140 (cell) | 0.391a | LMO/NMC | Graphite | NMP | per kg battery | 33.33a | Yes | Industrial | p from industry partner | Yes |
2015 | Dunn et al. | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | LMO,LCO, LFP, NMC, LMR-NMC | Graphite | NMP | per kg battery | for NMC: 4.5 to 780 | Yes | Industrial | s | Yes |
2014 | Ellingsen et al. | Pouch | 3.65 | 20 | n/a | n/a | Li(NixCoyMnz)O2 | Graphite | NMP | per kWh battery cell capacity produced | Average: 643.89 Energy-efficient: 162.78 | Yes | Industrial | p from industry partner | Yes |
2014 | Li et al. | Prismatic/Pouch | 3.65 | 27 | n/a | n/a | NMC111 | SiNW | n/a | per kg cell | unclear | n/a | Laboratory | s | Yes |
2012 | McManus | n/a | n/a | n/a | 128 to 200 (battery) | n/a | n/a | n/a | NMP | per kg battery | 25c | n/a | n/a | s | Yes |
2011 | Majeau-Bettez et al. | n/a | 3.7 | n/a | 140 (cell) | n/a | NMC | Graphite | NMP | per kWh battery capacity | 0.33a | n/a | n/a | s | Yes |
2010 | Notter et al. | Prismatic | n/a | n/a | 114 (battery) | n/a | LiMn2O4 | Graphite | n/a | per kg cell | 0.124d | n/a | n/a | s | Yes |
2010 | Zackrisson et al. | n/a | n/a | n/a | 93 (battery) | 0.967 | LiFePO4 | Graphite | NMP | per kg battery | 20.5e | n/a | n/a | s | Yes |
Value calculated according to data obtained from paper and/or corresponding supplemental information.
8 kWh electricity, 39 kWh steam.
Cumulative energy demand for a battery.
0.106 kWh electricity, 0.018 kWh process heat.
11.7 kWh electricity, 8.8 kWh gas.