Table 2.

Energy demand in Wh per Wh cell energy storage capacity for processes from selected studies inspired by Thomitzek et al. (2019a)

	Thomitzek et al., 2019a (Pilot Scale)	Pettinger and Dong, 2017 (Industrial Scale)	Yuan et al., 2017 (Pilot Scale)	Range xmax-xmin
	[Wh per Wh cell energy]	[Wh per Wh cell energy]	[Wh per Wh cell energy]	[Wh]
Mixing	10.5	2.6f	0.9	9.6
Coating and drying	133.6	15.4	51.0h	118.2
Calendering	20.7	5.9	3.0	17.7
Separation	0.1	5.2g	5.7i	5.6
Stacking and packing	1.9a,b	6.0	9.0j,d	7.1
Vacuum drying	6.0c	6.0	n/a	0.0
Electrolyte filling	8.7d	1.5	4.7	7.2
Formation	26.1	2.8	0.6k	25.5
Aging	87.7	n/a	n/a	n/a
Dry room	448.7e	n/a	31.2	417.5
Others	0.6	0.4	n/a	0.2
Total	744.6	45.9	106.2	698.7

^aOriginally named as packaging.

^bContacting, housing, and deep-drawing summarized.

^cOriginally named as final drying.

^dIncluding final sealing.

^eOriginally named as technical building services.

^fOriginally named as slurry preparation.

^gSlitting and notching summarized.

^hCoating and drying summarized.

ⁱOriginally named as notching.

^jOriginally named as welding.

^kOriginally named as pre-charging.