Table 4.

Standardized total, direct, and indirect effects of predictor variables on the outcome variable

		β	Standard error
Depression	→ PYU (total effect)	0.29†	0.06
	→ PYU (direct effect)	0.26†	0.06
	→ PMW → PYU (indirect effect)	0.03	0.03
Loneliness	→ PYU (total effect)	0.09	0.06
	→ PYU (direct effect)	0.02	0.05
	→ PMW → PYU (indirect effect)	0.06*	0.03

^*p<0.05,

^†p<0.001.

PYU: problematic YouTube use, PMW: problematic mukbang watching