Table 1.

Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study sample

	Healthy controls (N = 194)		COVID-19 survivors (N = 154)		Statistics
	n	%	N	%	x2	df	p
Male gender	40	20.6	67	43.5	21.12	1	< 0.001
Married	133	68.6	99	64.3	0.70	1	0.40
College and above	156	80.4	69	44.8	47.63	1	< 0.001
Living with family	148	76.3	119	77.3	0.05	1	0.83
Unemployed	10	5.2	35	22.7	23.55	1	< 0.001
Family members infected with COVID-19	5	2.6	105	68.2	170.92	1	< 0.001
Feel online mental service helpful	65	33.5	20	13.0	19.58	1	< 0.001
Obvious economic loss during the COVID-19 pandemic	25	12.9	59	38.3	30.31	1	< 0.001
Frequent use of social media	132	68.0	77	50.0	11.65	1	< 0.001
Perceived economic status					22.59	2	< 0.001
Poor	38	19.6	66	42.9
Fair	147	75.8	81	52.6
Good	9	4.6	7	4.5
Perceived health status					8.09	2	0.018
Poor	5	2.6	13	8.4
Fair	88	45.3	77	50.0
Good	101	52.1	64	41.6
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	t / Z	df	p
Age (years)	35.7	9.0	42.2	13.7	5.03	252.13 a	< 0.001
Fatigue total score	3.8	2.3	2.3	2.3	6.23	— b	< 0.001
PHQ-9 total score	5.3	5.3	6.2	6.0	1.35	— b	0.18
Overall stigma	46.0	14.0	70.2	12.9	16.58	346	< 0.001
Social rejection	16.7	5.6	27.5	5.9	17.35	346	< 0.001
Financial insecurity	6.9	1.9	8.9	2.2	9.03	298.22 a	< 0.001
Internalized shame	9.3	3.3	15.1	2.7	17.65	345.58 a	< 0.001
Social isolation	13.2	4.3	18.7	4.0	12.37	346	< 0.001

Abbreviations: COVID-19 coronavirus disease 2019, SD standard deviation, QOL quality of life, PHQ-9 patient health questionnaire – 9 item, SIS social impact scale

a: Satterthwaite corrected because of the heterogeneity of variance

b: Wilcoxon rank sum test